ADHD and anxiety disorder comorbidity in children and adults: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges

Purpose of the Review In this review, we focus on overlapping features of ADHD and anxiety disorders, and will discuss how an anxiety disorder comorbidity leads to diagnostic and treatment challenges in patients with ADHD, in consideration of the accumulated available knowledge. Recent Findings The presence of overlapping symptoms, changes in the diagnostic criteria, and the use of divergent diagnostic tools and informant effects can complicate the diagnosis of this comorbidity. Due to the ongoing debate about the etiology, psychopathology, and diagnostic features of the association between ADHD and anxiety disorders, choosing appropriate treatment options emerges as a challenge. A novel methodology, standardized interview tools, and new statistical analysis methods are needed to define the phenotype of this co-occurrence more clearly. It is important to uncover the developmental nature of this comorbidity with follow-up studies that may explain the etiology and underlying neurobiological basis, and ultimately lead to more effective treatment approaches.