European association of urology guidelines panel on male sexual and reproductive health: A clinical consultation guide on the indications for performing sperm DNA fragmentation testing in men with infertility and testicular sperm extraction in nonazoospermic men

Accumulating evidence has highlighted the contribution of oxidative stress and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) in the pathophysiology of male infertility. SDF has emerged as a novel biomarker of risk stratification for patients undergoing assisted reproductive technologies. Studies have also supported the use of testicular over ejaculated sperm at the time of intracytoplasmic sperm injection, as testicular sperm may have lower SDF than ejaculated samples. The European Association of Urology Working Panel on Male Sexual and Reproductive Health provides an evidence-based consultation guide on the indications for SDF testing in male infertility and also for testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in nonazoospermic men. We present the limitations and advantages of SDF testing and a framework to ensure that it is appropriately utilised in clinical practice. Furthermore, we critically appraise the current literature advocating the use of TESE in nonazoospermic men. Patient summary: This article reviews the evidence supporting the use of sperm DNA fragmentation testing in the assessment of male infertility and testicular sperm extrac-tion in nonazoospermic men.