Kitap Bölümü Koleksiyonu
Bu koleksiyon için kalıcı URI
Güncel Gönderiler
Öğe Breast radiology(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Durur Subaşı, Irmak; Aydın, HaleBreast cancer is a significant global health concern, comprising 1.38 million cases, or 10.9% of all cancer cases worldwide, making it the second most prevalent cancer after lung cancer. Notably, its incidence has been on the rise, particularly in developing nations, where it has increased three to fourfold in recent decades. This malignancy stands as the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. However, advancements in detection, diagnosis, treatment, and effective screening initiatives have contributed to a reduction in breast cancer-related deaths. Early detection plays a crucial role in ensuring optimal patient care by reducing the treatment burden. Several advanced breast imaging technologies have emerged, although their widespread adoption varies. Irrespective of the imaging technology used, it is imperative to apply it effectively, maintain precise record-keeping, corroborate findings with histopathological examinations, and ensure consistent comparisons through clinical and serial follow-ups spanning years. Furthermore, regardless of the imaging modality used, the core responsibility of breast radiology is to answer two essential questions: firstly, whether there are abnormal findings, and secondly, whether these findings raise suspicions of malignancy. This chapter explores various breast imaging techniques and their application within contemporary practices.Öğe Tobacco use in breastfeeding mothers(Springer International Publishing, 2023) Atayoğlu, Ali Timuçin; Güner Atayoğlu, AytenSmoking is a major health hazard that remains very common worldwide. Nicotine is a highly addictive substance. There are in excess of 250 million female smokers globally. When expectant mothers continue to smoke, they not only harm themselves, but also damage the health of their foetus [2]. Postpartum smoking mothers continue to damage infant health as the child is exposed to passive smoking and the nicotine and other harmful constituents of tobacco smoke linger in the air and are passed on through breastfeeding [2-4].Öğe Vaccinations in patients with autoimmune diseases(Wiley, 2024) Seida, Isa; Mahroum, NaimThe introduction of vaccinations provided one of the most efficient solutions to combating morbidity and mortality associated with infections. They have proven efficiency in protecting both healthy patients and patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases AIRDs). In fact, patients with AIRDs are often at higher risk of acquiring infections; this is particularly evident in patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment. Therefore, a magnitude of studies emphasized the importance of immunization in AIRDS. On the other hand, a number of studies have highlighted concerns of vaccine efficacy in AIRD being potentially reduced. Another issue of importance regarding immunization and AIRD is vaccine safety and the potential risk of AIRD flares following vaccination. This chapter overviews the literature outlining infection risk in AIRD patients and the safety and efficacy of administrating vaccinations.Öğe Malaria and autoimmunity(Academic Press, 2024) Ohayon, Aviran; Lavine, Noy; Mahroum, NaimMalaria is a vector-borne parasitic disease. In 2020, there were 241 million cases of malaria and 627,000 deaths worldwide. The first connection between Malaria and autoimmunity was documented in 1968 by Brian Greenwood. Among other aspects, this chapter discusses various mechanisms behind malaria and autoimmunity, and the association of malaria with SARS-CoV-2 infection.Öğe Rheumatoid arthritis and infections: not only a coincidence(Academic Press, 2024) Mahroum, Naim; Mahajna, Hussein; Amital, HowardRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease affecting the synovial membrane damaging the cartilage and bone and leading to destructive arthritis, if left untreated [1]. In fact, RA is not a joint confined disease, as extra-articular manifestations and multi-systemic involvement are among the specific features of the disease. Of importance are the cardiovascular and respiratory system RA-associated diseases [2, 3]. Therefore, morbidity, life expectancy, and mortality were demonstrated to be increased in patients with RA in comparison with the general population [4, 5]. Interestingly, infections contribute to a critical portion of the cases [6].Öğe Parvovirus and autoimmune diseases(Academic Press, 2024) Kıyak, Zeynep; Esirgün, Şevval Nil; Karaoğlan, Birnur Sinem; Kol, Mustafa Yusuf; Mahroum, NaimFor decades, the role of viruses in the initiation and exacerbation of autoimmune disorders have been widely documented. Recently, a growing number of studies have been questioning the relationship between human parvovirus B19 infection and autoimmune disorders. The reason behind a possible association was based on three key findings: (1) the similarities of the clinical manifestations of parvovirus B19 infection with certain autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); (2) the production of parvovirus B19 viral protein-induced antibody against self-antigens such as cardiolipin, single-stranded DNA, keratin, and collagen type II; (3) high prevalence of parvovirus B19 DNA as well as positive serological tests of parvovirus B19 in patients with autoimmune diseases. However, the virus-host interactions leading to autoimmune response after parvovirus B19 infection remain uncertain. Nevertheless, three mechanisms were proposed as an explanation for evoking an autoimmune response following infection: molecular mimicry, self-antigen presenting to T cells caused by parvovirus B19-induced erythroblast apoptosis, and the phospholipase activity of the unique region of parvovirus B19 VP1 protein. In fact, the importance of revealing the role of parvovirus B19 infection in autoimmune response particularly in the light of new therapeutic perspectives cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, in this chapter we review the mechanisms related to autoimmune disorders secondary to parvovirus B19 infection. Diseases such as SLE, autoimmune-mediated heart diseases like myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, as well as autoimmune hemolytic anemia are all presented and discussed.Öğe Infections and Behçet Disease(Academic Press, 2024) Şahin, Meyha; Correia J.; Campar A.; Ferrão C.; Serpa Pinto L.; Vasconcelos, Carlos; Yılmaz, Mesut; Mahroum, NaimBehçet disease (BD) is a chronic multisystem disorder of unknown etiology characterized by various degrees of vasculitis affecting all sizes of blood vessels (Davatchi, 2018 [1]). BD is thought to be an autoinflammatory disease, triggered by exogenous factors like environmental pollutants or infections, in genetically susceptible individuals (Islam et al., 2021 [2]). BD is also known as “Silk Road disease,” and its prevalence in the Mediterranean, Central Asia, and the Far East is significantly higher than in Europe and the United States. The incidence of BD varies worldwide, ranging from 3.3 to 31.8 cases per 100,000 population (Mahr et al., 2008; Yazici et al., 2008 [3, 4]). The criteria for the classification of BD was proposed by the International Study Group in 1990, then reviewed in 2006 at the International Conference of BD, in Lisbon, Portugal, with the creation of the International Criteria for BD (Criteria for diagnosis of Behcet's disease, 1990 [5]). However, the latter were improved by an international team for the revision of the International Criteria for BD in 2013 (International Team for the Revision of the International Criteria for Behcet's D, 2014 [6]).Öğe Streptococcus pneumoniae and autoimmunity(Academic Press, 2024) Alghory, Amal; Alwani, Abdulkarim; Seida, Ravend; Alrais, Mahmoud; Alwani, Abdulrahman; Mahroum, NaimThe genus Streptococcus includes 49 species, 35 of which have been identified as a cause of infections in humans. Species of Streptococcus are divided into groups based on the antigenic structure of the cell wall alongside polysaccharides, which is known as the Lancefield antigen classification. Unlike Group A Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae does not yet have sufficient evidence as being a causative agent of autoimmune disease. However, cases in which autoimmune diseases are triggered or exacerbated by pneumococcal infection do exist. In addition, several autoimmune diseases were found to predispose to pneumococcal infection.Öğe Viral infections, myocarditis, and autoimmune heart disease(Academic Press, 2024) Barbour, Mohammad; Zoubi, Magdi; Mahroum, NaimMyocarditis, and autoimmune heart disease, are classical examples of the interaction of infectious agents, particularly viruses, and the immune system in producing an autoimmune phenomena or disorder. Numerous components of the immune system are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune heart diseases, all are illustrated through this chapter. In addition, various infectious agents, including enteroviruses and SARS-CoV-2 among others, are discussed.Öğe Infections in the immune interplay of inflammatory bowel disease(Academic Press, 2024) Seida, İsa; Balcıoğlu, Zeynep Betül; Neyestani, Kamyar; Mahroum, NaimInflammatory bowel disease (IBD), namely ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a chronic, relapsing, multi-factorial disease characterized by inflammation of the intestine. While the etiology of IBD is still not fully understood, the incidence and prevalence of it are growing rapidly worldwide. IBD commonly peaks in the second-to-fourth decade of life, affecting men and women similarly. Early-life events, such as antibiotic administration and babies born by caesarian section, represent just a few among multiple environmental risk factors. In addition, gut microbiome was found to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease. This is particularly important due to the interplay between the immune system and gut microbiome. Disorders of gut microbiome, such as “dysbiosis,” has commonly been seen in IBD patients. The role of microbes, both, in the initiation and exacerbation of disease, and protection from IBD are viewed in this chapter.Öğe Infection and autoimmune liver diseases(Academic Press, 2024) Smyk, Daniel S.; Rigopoulou, Eirini I.; Darkhabani, Mohammad; Invernizzi, Pietro; Bogdanos, Dimitrios P.Autoimmune liver diseases (AiLD) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders inflicting damage to the liver. Those diseases are characterized by an immune-mediated destruction of the hepatocytes (autoimmune hepatitis, AIH) or the biliary epithelial cells [primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)]. At times, overlapping features of AIH and PBC or AIH and PSC are noted in an insignificant number of affected patients. The pathogenesis and pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the initial induction and subsequent progression of liver impairment are largely undefined but genetic, epigenetic, immunological, and environmental factors appear to be essential. Among various environmental triggers, infectious triggers have been incriminated largely with the development of PBC and AIH and to a lesser extent with PSC. The link between pathogens and PSC remains less defined, though the input of microbiome alterations has been considered imperative. The most common mechanism connecting infectious agents of any kind, whether microbes, viruses, or parasites, with AiLD is based on the assumption that molecular mimicry and immunological cross-reactivity involving exogenous and self-mimicking antigenic targets are heavily operated linking to liver autoimmunity in the form of auto-antibodies and indeed overt clinical disease, which can lead to hepatic failure. This chapter will underline the existing data on the involvement of infectious agents, which have been investigated in PBC and AIH.Öğe Viral infections and type 1 diabetes mellitus – guilty viruses in the court of autoimmunity(Academic Press, 2024) Elsalti, Abdulrahman; Mahroum, NaimType 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), previously known as insulin-dependent or juvenile diabetes, is a chronic disease characterized by an autoimmune-induced pancreatic damage resulting in the destruction of beta cells. Although less common than type 2 diabetes mellitus, acute and life-threatening complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis maybe fatal and mostly develop in children and teenagers. Prevention methods are not fully clear, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial as adjunctive to therapy. Treating type 1 DM is challenging particularly as the disease is not curable, and heavily depends on the individual patient, strict insulin regimens to maintain glucose levels under control. While T1D has a multifactorial background including several genes and environmental factors; various infections mainly viruses are a leading environmental trigger of the disease. The strong correlation between infections and T1D, is a vivid proof of a historical bond between infection and autoimmunity. This review focuses on viruses, a factor strongly associated with the development of T1D, including Group B Coxsackie Virus (CVB), Rubella, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and recently the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Two proposed mechanisms in which viruses might possibly trigger T1D is either through direct damage led by viral persistence or through excessive activation of cytokines aimed initially to stop viral replication nevertheless may cause cellular damage.Öğe Renal autoimmunity: the role of bacterial and viral infections – an extensive review(Academic Press, 2024) Lavine, Noy; Ohayon, Aviran; Mahroum, NaimAutoimmunity is a process by which the loss of self-tolerance results in an immune attack against the body own tissues and organs. For autoimmunity to occur, various elements serving as triggers were described by which infections are considered one of the leading factors. In turn, renal involvement in autoimmune diseases, whether by an organ-specific attack, or as part of a systemic disease process, is well known. As bacterial and viral infections are considered to be common triggers for autoimmunity in general, we aimed to study their association with renal autoimmunity in particular. We performed an extensive search of the recent and relevant medical literature regarding renal autoimmunity syndromes such as infection-associated glomerulonephritis and vasculitis, associated with bacterial and viral infections. By utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar search engines, over 200 articles and case reports were reviewed. Among other mechanisms, direct infection of the renal parenchyma, molecular mimicry, induction of B-cells or secretion of superantigens, bacterial and viral pathogens were found to correlate with the development of renal autoimmunity. Nevertheless, this was not true for all pathogens, as some mimic autoimmune diseases and others show a surprisingly protective effect. The exact immunopathogenesis is yet to be determined, however. For conclusion, bacterial and viral infections are linked to renal autoimmunity by both direct damage and as mediators of systemic diseases. Further research particularly on the immunopathogenetic mechanisms of renal autoimmunity associated with infections is required.Öğe BCG and autoimmunity(Academic Press, 2024) Doğan, Emir; Deniz, Ömer Faruk; Doğru, Ömer Faruk; Mahroum, NaimThe nonspecific effects of BCG are not fully understood nevertheless, “trained immunity” and “heterologous lymphocyte responses” have been suggested. For instance, intravesical BCG therapy used for the treatment of bladder cancer, commonly causes minor side effects following treatment. On the other hand, severe complications, varying from isolated organ involvement to multisystem BCG disease, may occur less frequently but require specific treatment, and in some cases necessitate discontinuation of BCG therapy.Öğe Infection and autoimmunity – an ıntroductory note(Academic Press, 2024) Mahroum, Naim; Shoenfeld, YehudaAlmost every infectious agent was linked in one way or another to various responses from the immune system. The responses range from normal reaction to a vast majority of autoimmune manifestations. Led by molecular mimicry, the mechanisms by which an autoimmune phenomena appears in correlation with infection are numerous including bystander activation and superantigens, among others. The recent pandemic of COVID-19 has strengthened the importance of autoimmunity in the context of infection. Nevertheless, historical examples such as acute rheumatic fever is critical for this understanding as well.Öğe Infections and celiac disease(Academic Press, 2024) Alrifaai, Mohamad Aosama; Habra, Mona; Al Shawaf, Maisam; Mahroum, NaimCeliac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a global prevalence of 1%. It is known to develop after ingestion of gluten-rich foods in genetically susceptible individuals. Variants in HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes encoding the alpha and beta chains of DQ2 and DQ8 proteins, are seen in more than 90% of patients. Genetic predisposition is necessary but not sufficient to develop CD, as only low percent of genetically predisposed individuals develop CD. Typical CD manifests with diarrhea alongside findings of malabsorption. Gluten is composed of unusual repetitive sequences of amino acids which make it difficult to fully digest the large peptides formed. By crossing intestinal lamina propria these peptides activate both innate and adaptive immune system causing an inflammatory cascade. Environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of CD. An increased number of respiratory infections during the first 18 months of life seems to increase the risk of developing CD in later years. Additionally, there are rising evidence on the involvement of EBV and Enteroviruses in the pathogenesis of CD. Recently, COVID-19 was associated with CD. Moreover, gastrointestinal infections have been listed as a risk factor for CD. Among other suggested mechanisms, molecular mimicry and bystander activation are the leading theories. In our current chapter, we aimed to elaborate on the correlation between infections and the development of CD.Öğe Infection and guillain–barre syndrome – a lifelong relation(Elsevier, 2024) Zoubi, Magdi; Mahroum, NaimGuillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune neurological disease considered as the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. In terms of etiology and pathogenesis, upper respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, and Zika virus are among the well-documented infections preceding the appearance of GBS. To what extent SARS-CoV-2 is involved in GBS is still controversial as will be explained later in this chapter. The first manifestations of GBS usually include progressive weakness of limbs accompanied by the absence of or reduced reflexes. Another presentation could be facial diplegia with paraesthesia or a pharyngeal–cervical–brachial manifestation. GBS is divided into various subtypes: acute axonal motor neuropathy (AMAN) and acute inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy (AIDP). Miller-Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis are subtypes that are clinically different from GBS but serologically similar to it. Miller-Fisher syndrome, characterized by ataxia, areflexia, and ophthalmoplegia, is considered to be a subtype of GBS, firstly because CSF examination of patients with Miller-Fisher syndrome revealed an albumin-cytologic dissociation and secondly some of the patients might develop GBS later in the clinical course of the disease.Öğe Newer advances in access(Springer Nature, 2022) de la Rosette, Jean J. M. C. H.; Kashi, Amir Hossein; Farshid, SamanThis chapter starts with an overview of the commonly used access direction technologies namely fluoroscopy and ultrasonography. Then an overview of the main novel technologies for access has been provided starting from visual inspection of the access tract using the optical needle. The optical needle has a primary success rate of only 66% in targeting the desired calyx on the first attempt. Then, fluoroscopy-based novel technologies including three-dimensional reconstruction of the access tract anatomy using preoperative computed tomography data by Urodyna CT and other fluoroscopy-based technologies have been reviewed. Urodyna CT has been associated with a high dose of radiation to the patient and also with a steep learning curve. iPAD-assisted PCNL reconstructs bodily organs using preoperative CT scan and uses augmented reality to reveal access tract of PCNL and organs within it by an iPAD software. Afterward, novel ultrasonography-based technologies including 3D ultrasonography, use of Doppler ultrasonography for improvement of access, and the combination of ultrasonography with electromagnetic navigation have been overviewed. The best success rate of ultrasonography has been observed with Sonix GPS technology which resorts to both ultrasonography and electromagnetic navigation and with a first attempt success rate of 100%. Afterward, the concept of electromagnetic navigation has been presented. Electromagnetic navigation has been associated with a 100% success rate on the first attempt in a preliminary study on human subjects and is a promising technology in the future.Öğe Flexible ureteroscopy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma(Springer Nature, 2022) Soria, Francesco; Gontero, Paolo; del Pilar Laguna Pes, Maria; de la Rosette, Jean J. M. C. H.Flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) is an essential tool for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). fURS should actually be performed in case of uncertainty, for kidney-sparing surgery (KSS), and even before radical surgery being able to provide important information for decision-making regarding perioperative systemic treatments. Flexible diagnostic URS is a stepwise procedure, starting with bladder cystoscopy and urine sampling for selective cytology and eventually ending with tumor ablation. Ureteral access sheaths can be used to allow for multiple biopsies, thereby diminishing the risk of inadequate tumor sampling. While the advent of digital scopes and that of enhanced technology imaging has dramatically improved the quality of the visualization of the upper urinary tract, a demonstration of their clinical utility over fiber-optic scopes is, to date, missing. Meanwhile, the experience of the surgeon and strict adherence to the guidelines recommendations remain the cornerstones of diagnostic fURS and KSS.Öğe Hypertension in family medicine(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2022) Dirimen Arıkan, Güliz; Atayoğlu, Ali TimuçinAccording to the literature, blood pressure control can only be achieved in about a quarter of patients receiving medical treatment. Poor compliance to the treatment and not seeing a family medicine specialist regularly are associated with unregulated blood pressure levels. As in many chronic non-communicable diseases, family medicine is one of the most important and first steps in the health care system for the management of hypertension. Meanwhile, when exercise and lifestyle changes are prescribed just like the medication, it was found that the results regarding blood pressure regulation were improved. The purpose of this chapter is to practically discuss the approach to hypertension in adults with the eyes of the family physician. As hypertension is one of the most common diagnoses, which is a cause of applying to family medicine centers, it will be important to look at some of its components. In this chapter, the important characteristics of hypertension and its management will be discussed. Now that all the details can be found inside the guidelines of different associations related to hypertension, explanations will be avoided. However, the practical parts of hypertension management will be emphasized for the daily routine of family physicians.
