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Öğe A historical perspective on the benefits derived from countries' newly found energy source(Emerald Group Publishing Ltd., 2023) Aydın, Fatih BahaA newly discovered energy source is expected to make a positive contribution to the economic growth of the country. To some extent, it is even thought that this is the underlying difference between developed and developing countries today. However, in history, it is seen that the countries that find new energy sources are not always able to benefit from it. The state mechanism without the necessary financial institutions and absence of dynamic economic and commercial life may lead to the inability to benefit from the newly found energy source. In this study, we will compare two nineteenth-century empires, Ottoman and British, which found coal in their homeland. As history as shown, we argue that the political institutions and the state reflexes are critical when it comes to utilizing a newly found energy source.Öğe Turkey's security: New threats, indigenous solutions, and overseas stretch(SETA Foundation, 2022) Tezcan, NeslihanTurkey’s Security: New Threats, Indigenous Solutions, and Overseas Stretch, handles Türkiye’s security issues comprehensively from several decades ago to today. The book explains how and when various terrorist groups, including the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), People’s Defense Units (YPG), Democratic Union Party (PYD), The Fetullahist Terrorist Organization (FETÖ), and Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) originated and how they have threatened Türkiye’s security from past to present. It also describes how Türkiye has attempted to cope with these terrorist threats and how it handles them today. The book also underlines how and why Türkiye changed its security policies over time and how it has securitized Syrian migrants. Foreign terrorist fighters and the PKK’s effects on Türkiye’s Middle East policies are also addressed in the book.Öğe Between the two worlds: Turkey’s repositioning in the global economy(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Babacan, MehmetTurkey has demonstrated a unique ability to extend its integration to the global economy in horizontal and vertical axes while taking its own path to indigenous industrialisation as a means of navigating the uncharted waters of uncertainty since the latest financial crisis of 2008. Being named as one of the rising middle powers or a fragile emerging upper-middle-income economy, Turkey now faces a major challenge of repositioning itself between the two worlds, namely a world of mutual existence and dependence, and a world of disruption, renewed protectionism and finally rupture. The perspective of this chapter, therefore, displays first how Turkey has been caught in the middle of these two worlds and then argues that positioning itself once again as a mediator in a number of conflicting ideas, policies and even actions would otherwise be insufficient to further rise as a key player.Öğe Developing strategies to improve microfinance system in Turkey with fuzzy logic(Springer Nature, 2022) Dinçer, Hasan; Yüksel, Serhat; Çağlayan, Çağatay; Ubay, Gözde Gülsevenn this study, it is examined how to improve the effectiveness of microfinance system in Turkey. In this framework, firstly, a wide literature review is made and 7 different factors that may be effective in this regard are identified. Afterward, an analysis is performed with the fuzzy DEMATEL method in order to determine which of these factors are more important. According to the analysis results obtained, it is identified that legal infrastructure and credit unions have the most importance in this process. Given these considerations, it is seen that firstly there is an important need to strengthen the legal infrastructure for the development of the microfinance system in Turkey. In this context, preparation of detailed laws and regulations related to the subject will increase the trust of investors on this issue. On the other hand, with the establishment of credit unions, it will be possible to select customers more effectively. In this framework, the risk of selecting inappropriate customers to give loans can be minimized. This will contribute to the development of the microfinance system in Turkey.Öğe The negative role of environmental pollution on international trade: Strategy recommendation to solve this problem(IGI Global, 2022) Yüksel, Serhat; Ubay, Gözde Gülseven; Çelebi, BüşraThe purpose of this study is to determine the main causes behind companies causing carbon emissions. In this way, the main reasons for companies to make carbon emissions have been explored. For this purpose, six different variables that are thought to be effective on this issue were determined. After that, an examination was made with fuzzy DEMATEL method in order to determine which of these factors are more important. The findings indicate that legal deficiency is the main reason for companies to cause carbon emissions. In this situation, it is a must to take necessary measures for the solution of this problem. In order for overcome legal deficiency problem, it is understood that the legal infrastructure should be adapted to this process. In order to increase the international trade volume, it is necessary to impose penal sanctions on companies and to regularly inspect these companies. In addition to these, incentives can be given to companies that are in competitive sectors and to create an awareness on this subject, governments can facilitate training programs.Öğe The negative role of environmental pollution on international trade: Strategy recommendation to solve this problem(IGI Global, 2021) Yüksel, Serhat; Ubay, Gözde Gülseven; Çelebi, BüşraThe purpose of this study is to determine the main causes behind companies causing carbon emissions. In this way, the main reasons for companies to make carbon emissions have been explored. For this purpose, six different variables that are thought to be effective on this issue were determined. After that, an examination was made with fuzzy DEMATEL method in order to determine which of these factors are more important. The findings indicate that legal deficiency is the main reason for companies to cause carbon emissions. In this situation, it is a must to take necessary measures for the solution of this problem. In order for overcome legal deficiency problem, it is understood that the legal infrastructure should be adapted to this process. In order to increase the international trade volume, it is necessary to impose penal sanctions on companies and to regularly inspect these companies. In addition to these, incentives can be given to companies that are in competitive sectors and to create an awareness on this subject, governments can facilitate training programs.Öğe The role of E-HRM practices on digital era(IGI Global, 2019) Polat Dede, NurtenThe changes brought about by trends such as globalization, technological developments, and knowledgebased economy, and the speed of these changes are forcing the enterprises to create more innovative ways of doing business and business processes. This rapid change has also affected and altered human resources departments' way of business. In this chapter, the changes in human resources management functions and applications with the effect of technology during this time have been explained. In addition, the electronic human resources management process and its applications, which have been more important as a result of developed human resources technology, are examined and presented in this chapter.Öğe Beyond planning and liberalization: Foreign trade and industrial development in Turkey(Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) Babacan, MehmetAfter a brief open-economy experience during the 1920s, the Turkish economy could be regarded as state-controlled, planned, and partially closed for the following half a century. Trade, meanwhile, played a limited role and, aside from imported raw materials and exports of agricultural products, did not constitute a significant portion of economic activity. Industry developed-though limited-under a strategy of import substitution in 1960s and 1970s. Along with other major developing countries, Turkey has also witnessed a period of commercial and financial openness, export-oriented industrial production, and a growth model that led to high growth rates, increasing indebtedness at the state level, and budget and current account deficits in the 1980s. Political and macroeconomic instability for the whole 1990s led to unsteady growth cycles under unfinished industrialization and unregulated liberalization processes. The AK Party period (2002-2017) represents a threshold for Turkish industrial, commercial, and financial expansion within a relatively stable environment that then faced several challenges. The first decade of the AK Party government is often described as the final attempt to do the unfinished job of liberalization, both political and economic. Between 2012 and 2017 however, Turkey’s industry, businesses at all scales, financial, and political institutions have been subjected to difficult stress tests, revealing unresolved structural issues. New challenges due to the changing nature of world politics, regional and internal dynamics, and global economic developments, however, are now forcing Turkey to revisit its export-led growth strategy based on reindustrialization, producing more capital-intensive goods with a greater technology component. This chapter asserts that Turkey’s rising trade around the world could hold strong potential with respect to reindustrialization in strategic sectors. Lastly, a new phase of trade expansion should be launched over not only employment but also the development of a high-skilled labor force, proprietary technology in strategic sectors, and sustainable finance.Öğe Establishing an innovation culture and strategic entrepreneurship(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Aslan, Halil KürşadThe purpose of this chapter is threefold: one, to focus on the concept of innovation under today's global economic realities, two, to focus on the strategic entrepreneurship literature, and finally to combine these two pieces together. The chapter concentrates on innovation management in terms of the interrelationship among the four elements of a business: product, process, marketing, and organizational qualities. This chapter provides a review and interpretation of innovation and management literatures in different fields with an eye toward combining them into the framework of strategic entrepreneurship.Öğe The role of the state in the Turkish economy(Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) Gür, NurullahThe role of the state in economic performance is critical for almost every country. This chapter reviews and assesses the effectiveness of the state in the Turkish economy over the last 15 years. A well-functioning state is key for Turkey to be prosperous and have a larger say in the global economy and for its citizens to have higher living standards. Turkey needs new investments and reforms to escape the middle-income trap. To make this happen, the state should undertake a number of important tasks, from industrial policies to institutional reforms. This chapter argues that making the institutional infrastructure more inclusive, implementing smart industrial policies, and improving the welfare state mechanism are the vital issues the state should focus on to take the Turkish economy to higher steps of the development ladder.Öğe Saving behaviour in Turkey: Where are we? and what can we do about it?(Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) Tatlıyer, MevlütThe Turkish aggregate saving rate plummeted in the late 1990s and early 2000s and has not recovered fully since then. However, roughly one-half of the fall in the aggregate saving rate can be attributed to the rapid increase in education and health expenditures, which can easily be regarded as investments under broader saving definitions. In addition, one-third of the decrease in the private saving rate in the 2000s is spurious and the other two-thirds are mostly associated with durable goods consumption. Limiting credit expansion and improving credit composition, which can be done by, for example, developing Islamic financial instruments and creating wealth and pension funds, can induce households to save more and boost the productivity level of the whole economy.Öğe On the path to high-income status or to middle-income trap: The Turkish economy in search of its future(Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) Aysan, Ahmet Faruk; Babacan, Mehmet; Gür, Nurullah; Karahan, HaticeThe growth episode of the Turkish economy in the 2000s was written based on two integrated fundamentals: fixing the deteriorating dynamics and implementing further reforms to stimulate economic activity. This basic formula led to attractive rates of economic growth, fueled particularly by domestic private investments along with revived consumption and exports. Integrated with the political stability established by single-party governments in the post-2002 period, the improving economic outlook also helped Turkey enjoy record levels of foreign investment, adding momentum to the growth story.Öğe Brazilian economic policy in the aftermath of the global financial crisis(Nova Science Publishers, 2017) Tatlıyer, Mevlüt[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Turkey’s struggle to achieve high-income status through adaptation to the knowledge economy(Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) Aslan, Halil Kürşad; Aslan, MuratMid-income countries must restructure their economies fundamentally to reach high-income levels. This restructuring process requires the most effective use of national resources, particularly higher education and national innovation institutions, among others. Only a handful of countries can achieve the requirements of economies of scale regarding the allocation of scarce funds to research and development (R&D) as is done by giant corporations, which channel billions of dollars to R&D; thus, within this competitive environment developing nations must concentrate on certain sectors. This study takes a political-economy approach to analyzing Turkey’s development policies with a special focus on its higher education institutions and national innovation system. Additionally, it aims to elaborate on its chances to escape the middle-income trap when making necessary reforms to reach higher rungs on the knowledge economy ladder.Öğe The 2008-2009 financial crisis in historical context(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Tatlıyer, MevlütThe 2008-2009 financial crisis was the largest since Great Depression of the 1930s. Several reasons were asserted on why such a massive crisis happened in the first place. However, most of the explanations put forth were about proximate causes of the crisis and very little attention was given to the underlying and fundamental causes of it. The causes of the global financial crisis were, ostensibly, the formation of a housing bubble and ensuing subprime mortgage crisis in the US economy. However, the true story of the crisis is much more complicated than this. Actually, the fundamental causes, which stemmed from systemic problems in the global economy, paved the way for economic instabilities throughout the world and numerous financial crises occurred from 1980s on. These fundamental causes include (a) failure of transforming economies from extensive-production to intensive-production, (b) the rise of the neoliberalism, (c) ensuing financialization of the world economy and (d) global instabilities witnessed in the neoliberal era.Öğe Export diversification in emerging economies(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Karahan, HaticeThe positive impact of export diversification on countries' economic growth is widely recognized in literature. Moreover, there has been a growing consensus lately on the role of diversification as a protection tool against crises and shocks. In other words, countries with higher export concentrations are thought to be exposed to more susceptibilities and vice versa. Hence, for most developing countries, for which exports performance are vital, understanding the so-called association matters. This study aims at providing evidence for certain emerging economies in that respect and starts with illustrating the performance of the BRICS and MINT economies in terms of product/sector and market diversification in the 2000s. The chapter then investigates the relationship between export concentration and trade collapse for the 2008-2009 global crisis. Conclusions derived by the study show resemblance to certain findings in literature and address to a positive relationship between the level of product concentration and the severity of trade collapse in case of a crisis. Basic calculations on the market diversification, however, do not imply a meaningful relationship for the period in question.Öğe The importance of trust for partnership and collaboration in volatile economic conditions(Springer International Publishing Ag, 2017) Gür, Nurullah; Alayoğlu, NihatVolatile economic conditions are painful for most firms. Firms struggle to survive when market demand is sluggish, uncertainties are high, and credit conditions are tight. Therefore, maintaining and strengthening partnerships, retaining existing customers or finding new ones through innovation, and finding external finance are extremely vital to keep firms alive during volatile economic conditions. In this chapter we argue that trust plays a key role in protecting strong relationships with partners, customers, suppliers, and other actors or when developing new relationships. Trust might help to protect partnerships and establish collaborative relationships by mitigating asymmetric information and free-rider problems, allowing for more open and honest information sharing and restraining opportunistic behaviour.Öğe The role of G20 in shaping the global financial architecture(Nova Science Publishers, 2017) Gür, Nurullah[Abstract Not Available]
