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Öğe Atherosclerosis(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Yeldir, NeşeAtherosclerosis is a multifocal immunoinflammatory disease of the medium-sized and large arteries. Atherosclerosis mainly causes diseases such as myocardial infarction and stroke, which are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. In addition to genetic, age, male sex, and environmental factors for the development of atherosclerosis, there are also known risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. In the early stages, the cause of atherosclerosis is endothelial injury. Inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells are the primary elements in the development of atheromatous plaque. Inflammation has an important role in the initiation and progression of atheromatous plaque. Ruptured plaques include a fibrous cap and a lipid-rich core, which contain inflammatory cells, smooth muscle cells, and angiogenesis. Plaque rupture is one of the main causes of thrombosis. Atherosclerosis is mortal due to events such as acute coronary syndromes and strokes caused as a result of thrombosis accompanying a ruptured or eroded atheromatous plaque. Thrombosis can partially or completely block the vascular lumen and, as a result, cause ischemic findings. The main clinical results of atherosclerosis are myocardial infarction, stroke, aortic aneurysm, and peripheral vascular disease.Öğe Diagnostic management of fibroepithelial lesions: When is excision indicated?(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Basım, PelinFibroepithelial tumors of the breast are characterized by having both epithelial and stromal components. This group of tumors includes benign fibroadenomas (FA) and phyllodes tumors (PT), which can have benign, borderline, or malignant forms. Differentiating between a cellular FA and a benign PT can be challenging. It is important to establish a differential diagnosis with other benign and malignant breast lesions in both PTs and FAs. The treatment approach and prognosis for both FAs and PTs will depend on their specific pathological characteristics detected in the core biopsy of the lesion. The diagnostic and therapeutic challenges faced by clinicians lie in accurately characterizing these lesions and determining which cases warrant surgical excision. A thorough evaluation of clinical, radiological, and histological features is crucial in making these decisions and ensuring optimal patient outcomes. Close multidisciplinary collaboration between clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists is essential in making these decisions and ensuring optimal patient care.Öğe The stereology of the urinary bladder(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Ulubay, Mahmut; Altun, Gamze; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Hamour, Hala Mahgoub; Kaplan, SüleymanQuantitative evaluation of the bladder wall structure can help evaluate pathological structures at morphological examination of the urinary bladder. Studies have applied stereological methods to radiological images and urinary bladder tissue specimen blocks embedded in paraffin. Volumetric evaluations of the bladder wall structure are particularly common. The wall structure of the urinary bladder consists of three layers, the epithelium plus lamina propria, muscular layer and adventitia/serosa layer. However, some studies also discuss the structure of the muscular mucosa and submucosa. The volume fractions of bladder wall components were calculated using a point-counting grid in a sample stereological study of the urinary bladder of diabetic rats. When the differences between the groups were subjected to statistical evaluation, no difference was observed between the groups in terms of the volume fraction of the mucosal layer, the muscular layer, or the serosa/adventitia layer. However, a remarkable increase was determined in the diabetes group at analysis of the ratio of blood vessels to the lamina propria (II) layer. These data were examined by considering the appropriate coefficient of error and coefficient of variation values. This chapter discusses in detail the stereological methods applied in the bladder and the histological structures examined, and the stereological results and restrictive steps of the sample study are also presented.Öğe The history of stereology(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Kolbaşı, Bircan; Güneş, Arzu; Keskin, İlknurStereology is a methodological discipline employed to describe a 3-dimensional structure using 2-dimensional images with the aid of mathematics, geometry, and statistical sciences. It provides methods for measuring the surfaces and volumes of solids such as prisms, cubes, spheres, and polyhedral shape structures and total number of particles in a region or organ. This methodological science is a multidisciplinary one, since its methods are used in medicine and biology, mineralogy, materials science, agriculture, and forestry. The concept of stereology was first introduced in 1777 by the French naturalist George Buffon in his paper "Buffon's needle problem." Soon after the establishment of the International Society for Stereology (ISS) in 1961, the concept of stereology began having a major impact on sciences such as materials science, petrography, and microscopy. In the 60 years since interdisciplinary scientists first recognized it as a modern science, stereology has made rapid advances in parallel with the development of computer-based methods. Topology, mathematics, statistics, and statistical geometry have also contributed greatly to the development of stereology. The rapid historical development of stereology encourages us to believe that it will make an even greater contribution to many sciences in the future by extending and improving its methods. This review discusses the history of stereology and the developments made in that field to date.Öğe Estimation of section thickness for stereological analysis(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Kaplan, Arife AhsenStereology is the gold standard technique for producing statistically valid data used to accurately estimate a quantitative parameter such as number, length, or volume. Sampling and counting techniques are important steps in performing stereological analysis without making assumptions. Microscopic techniques are performed to measure morphological parameters in health science studies to understand the development, aging and renewal processes in biological structures. Physical and optical disector counting methods are the most commonly used stereological techniques for unbiased counting of biological structures in tissue. In the disector method, section thickness is important for the disector volume and accurate estimation. Also, it can be measured using automatic systems or manual methods. In this chapter, methods for measuring section thickness are explained.Öğe Physical and optical fractionator techniques(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Altun, Gamze; Deniz, Ömür Gülsüm; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Kipanyula, Maulilio J.; Kaplan, SüleymanStereological approaches are based on statistics and geometry. These methods can provide information about the volume, length, surface area, and numbers of structures from measurements made from two-dimensional sections or images. Stereological techniques are applied to tissues or organs according to the principles of systematic random sampling and, therefore, provide unbiased and realistic results. The fractionator technique is frequently used to estimate the cell population of an entire organ. It estimates the number of particles irrespective of their shape, orientation, size, and distribution. There are two types of fractionators, optical and physical. The physical fractionator method uses two physically separated sections, i.e., a disector pair, while the optical fractionator method employs one thick section for particle counting. Both apply the same basic logic for tissue evaluation. The optical fractionator technique is frequently employed, especially in neurostereological studies, because of its great efficiency. The probe and sampling steps employed in estimating the cell population in a tissue or organs are of critical importance. Conducting a pilot study before starting the evaluation may be help identify the correct technique and appropriate sampling strategies. Coefficient of error and coefficient of variation values are the parameters that determine the sampling frequency and number of subjects to be analyzed. Reliable results can be obtained using the fractionator method, one of the best stereological techniques, if it possesses optimal coefficient of error and coefficient of variation values.Öğe Using magnetic resonance images for organ and region volume estimation(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Bakırhan, Elfide Gizem; Deniz, Ömür Gülsüm; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Alkan, Işınsu; Tüfekçi, Kıymet Kübra; Kaplan, SüleymanThe examination of magnetic resonance (MR) images in clinical research is important for the analysis of disease images and diseases. Organ and region volume measurements are of great importance in the diagnosis of various diseases. For volume estimation, MR images are both inexpensive and easy to obtain and involve a non-hazardous method. Medical software tools are being developed to assist clinicians, surgeons and researchers in their computer-aided research projects. Currently available MR image segmentation tools differ widely from one another in terms of design, functionality and accessibility. This chapter discusses and describes the different medical software tools developed for manual, semi-automatic or fully automatic volumetric evaluation from MR images and some of the features of these tools. Brief information about the leading MR image segmentation software in clinical research is provided, and these software tools are introduced.Öğe Bone and cartilage stereology(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Kaya, Ayşenur; Altun, Gamze; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Kaya, Sefa Ersan; Tüfekçi, Kıymet Kübra; Kaplan, SüleymanOsteoarthritis is a disease associated with the degeneration of articular cartilage. Cartilage can be evaluated histomorphometrically by measuring parameters such as cartilage thickness, calcified cartilage area, and chondrocyte density. Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass density and disordered organization of bone microstructural elements. Mineral density and measurement of bone mass are therefore important in the evaluation of osteoporosis. Stereological methods are frequently used in the histomorphometric examination of these tissues. These methods used in osteoporosis allow histomorphometric parameters such as bone volume and trabecular thickness to be determined. Stereological methods, which provide information about three-dimensional structure based on data obtained from two-dimensional sections, are repeatable in terms of involving unbiased measurements and yielding results close to real values. Stereological methods applied to sections of bone and cartilage tissue provide data concerning volume, surface area, and numerical density. The isector method, the Cavalieri method, and the optical disector/fractianotor methods are frequently applied stereological approaches in this context. Additionally, measurement can be performed using stereological methods applied to micrographs obtained from electron microscopic sections and to radiological images such as MRI and tomography. Quantitative evaluations are important in providing information about critical processes related to bone and cartilage damage. This chapter provides up-to-date information concerning the modification of stereological methods of examining bone and cartilage regeneration, along with current laboratory applications. Innovative applications of stereological methods may yield promising results regarding new treatment approaches related to bone and cartilage remodeling.Öğe Stereological analysis of the gastrointestinal tract(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Ahmed, Mohamed Kheir; Kaya, Ayşenur; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Deniz, Ömür Gülsüm; Önger, Mehmet Emin; Kaplan, SüleymanThis chapter provides an overview of the stereology, normal anatomy, and histology of the rat gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In addition to staining and tissue processing, various sampling protocols and stereological techniques that can be used to estimate the volume and/or volume fraction of any GIT layers, such as the Cavalieri principle, are also discussed. A number of methods are also available for calculating the numbers of any GIT cells. This chapter discusses physical and optical disectors, as well as fractionators, and how these can be applied in the GIT. Images have been added to simplify the discussion.Öğe Spinal cord stereology(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Kaplan, Süleyman; Altun, Gamze; Elamin, Abdalla Ahmed Eldaw; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Marangoz, Abdullah Hilmi; Deniz, Ömür GülsümDamage to the spinal cord can lead to significant economic and psychological consequences. Morphoquantitative changes play an important role in determining damage, as well as treatment. The development of light microscopic research in parallel with technology means that morphometric evaluation of neurons, dendritic processes and nerve fibres as well as the whole spinal cord structure can be performed with design-based stereology. Stereological approaches are used for the quantitative analysis of neurodegeneration and regeneration in the central nervous system after trauma and diseases. Optical and physical disector that are stereological techniques have been used in the quantitative evaluation of motor neurons in the spinal cord. The most critical point during cell counting is to correctly classify neuron types using appropriate staining and identification methods. Stereological approaches are also effectively used in radiological evaluations such as magnetic resonance imaging. Evaluations can be performed using the Cavalieri principle in sections obtained from radiological images as well as from light microscopic section images. Unbiased stereological methods are also used for immunohistochemical evaluations. Quantitative evaluations in the spinal cord are especially important in determining the degenerative effect that occurs after injury. In addition, new nanomorphometric information can be acquired with the rotator, optical disector and physical disector methods by providing mapping at the organelle level using the immunogold labelling method. This chapter discusses studies involving the scope of spinal cord evaluation together with the stereological methods applied in radiological, histological and immunohistochemical spinal cord sections.Öğe The quantitation of nerve fibres in diabetic and transected sciatic nerves(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Hamour, Hala Mahgoub; Altun, Gamze; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Deniz, Ömür Gülsüm; Marangoz, Abdullah Hilmi; Kaplan, SüleymanDiabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease, is a global problem affecting the economy, social life, and health. One of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic neuropathy. Quantitative assessment of the effect on the peripheral nerves of diabetes is crucial to understanding the development and management of peripheral neuropathy. Unbiased stereological techniques are used to estimate the total number of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and the total area of the nerve fascicle in sciatic nerve cross-sections. Stereology is a mathematical and statistical method that permits the estimation of numerical data such as the volume, number, and length of three-dimensional biological structures using two-dimensional cross-sections. Axon number, myelin sheath thickness, and axon diameter parameters are widely used in the stereological examination of the sciatic nerve for evaluating regeneration and degeneration. In peripheral nerve analysis, axon counting is performed using the two-dimensional disector method, while myelin sheath thickness and axon diameter are estimated based on the nucleator method. The G-ratio value, the ratio of the inner axon area to the whole myelinated nerve fibre area, is essential in determining recovery after injury in the sciatic nerve. This chapter explains stereological methods of analysing the transected diabetic nerve based on an experimental diabetic rat model. It examines the general histological effects of diabetic neuropathy on the sciatic nerve using stereological methods.Öğe Kidney stereology(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Shah, Sandip; Altun, Gamze; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Tüfekçi, Kıymet Kübra; Kaplan, SüleymanKidneys are the retroperitoneal organs that are considered an important organ to regulate homeostasis in our body. Nephrons (uriniferous tubules) are functional units and fundamental structures of the kidney. The total nephron counts are clinically important, as reported by various researches. Preterm birth with low birth weight is associated with reduced nephron number, which results in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Analyses based on the stereology of the kidney are considered one of the accurate techniques for counting uriniferous tubules. Many researchers still find it difficulties to use stereological methods of counting due to a lack of understanding of statistics and their fear of numbers. The great advantage of modern stereological techniques is to make stereology easier to use. This is due to the innovation of special microscopy techniques such as electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscope, or light microscope, which are equipped with video cameras and computers. Such devices would allow researchers using stereological techniques for kidney morphology.Öğe Volumetric analysis of brain parts using magnetic resonance imaging(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Alkan, Işınsu; Deniz, Ömür Gülsüm; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Tüfekçi, Kıymet KübraMorphological, comparative, and experimental studies are focusing on obtaining more effective and accurate data from a particular tissue. Estimation of volume is a crucial activity for biomedical sciences, and one that increases the reliability of the collected data. An alteration in volume provides clues to the health of an organ. The volume and surface area of the brain are important parameters, particularly in the investigation of cerebral functions. Increasing numbers of studies have recently focused on the brain. It is crucially important to know the volume and anatomic features of the affected structure, particularly in terms of diagnoses affecting the central nervous system. Imaging techniques (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) are frequently used for this purpose. Quantitative data can be obtained by using the efficient and unbiased methods provided by stereological techniques and software such as ImageJ, OsiriX, and BrainSuite. Quantitative measurements reveal variations among species more clearly and permit more definite diagnoses in the medical field. These measurements can also be stored, transported, and analyzed more easily than qualitative data. The present review discusses various techniques for determining brain volume on radiological images.Öğe Physical and optical disectors(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Altun, Gamze; Elamin, Abdalla Ahmed Eldaw; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Kipanyula, Maulilio J.; Kaya, Sefa Ersan; Kaplan, SüleymanIn morphometric studies, two-dimensional histological sections are evaluated using designbased stereological methods in order to obtain three-dimensional structural information about the tissue. The stereology is a combination of geometric measurements and statistical sampling principles. The basis of stereological applications is the idea that the samples selected for analysis represent the whole structure. One of the most critical parameters in any organ or tissue is "number." Numerical data in biological structures can be obtained using the "disector" method. This provides data concerning the numerical density of particles in three-dimensional structures and yields information about the structural and functional connections of the biological tissue in question. The disector method is applied in two ways: physical disector and optical disector. The physical disector method involves the examination of two consecutive sections, while consecutive thick sections are used in the optical disector method. Both methods employ an unbiased counting frame to ensure that each particle is counted only once. This chapter provides definitions of the physical disector and optical disector methods and discusses their application to light and electron microscopic images in detail.Öğe Uterus stereology(2024) Kaya, Ayşenur; Altun, Gamze; Tüfekçi, Kıymet Kübra; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Kipanyula, Maulilio J.Infertility is a growing global health problem with important socio-psychological consequences. The main causes of infertility are the pathogenesis of the uterine mucosa and the uterus being unready for implantation as a result of decidualization. Despite the critical importance of the uterus for women's health and fertility, and embryo development, relatively limited information is available concerning the hormonal, cellular, and molecular mechanisms in its pathogenesis. Morphoquantitative assessments are widely used by researchers to explain the underlying causes of infertility. Quantitative evaluations provide more descriptive and precise information when observing structural changes in tissue under different conditions and comparing these between different groups. Design-based stereology provides an accurate and unbiased estimation of stereological parameters, avoiding sources of bias caused by the methodology employed. It is therefore important to use stereological methods when considering a quantitative morphological evaluation of biological objects. This chapter describes the importance of developing and disseminating the use of stereological techniques in uterine research and is intended to explain the modern stereological techniques applied to uterine tissue in methodological terms.Öğe Femtosecond laser channels for intracorneal ring segments(CRC Press, 2024) Eliaçık, Mustafa; Kılıç, Aylin[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Tobacco use in breastfeeding mothers(Springer International Publishing, 2023) Atayoğlu, Ali Timuçin; Güner Atayoğlu, AytenSmoking is a major health hazard that remains very common worldwide. Nicotine is a highly addictive substance. There are in excess of 250 million female smokers globally. When expectant mothers continue to smoke, they not only harm themselves, but also damage the health of their foetus [2]. Postpartum smoking mothers continue to damage infant health as the child is exposed to passive smoking and the nicotine and other harmful constituents of tobacco smoke linger in the air and are passed on through breastfeeding [2-4].Öğe Vaccinations in patients with autoimmune diseases(Wiley, 2024) Seida, Isa; Mahroum, NaimThe introduction of vaccinations provided one of the most efficient solutions to combating morbidity and mortality associated with infections. They have proven efficiency in protecting both healthy patients and patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases AIRDs). In fact, patients with AIRDs are often at higher risk of acquiring infections; this is particularly evident in patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment. Therefore, a magnitude of studies emphasized the importance of immunization in AIRDS. On the other hand, a number of studies have highlighted concerns of vaccine efficacy in AIRD being potentially reduced. Another issue of importance regarding immunization and AIRD is vaccine safety and the potential risk of AIRD flares following vaccination. This chapter overviews the literature outlining infection risk in AIRD patients and the safety and efficacy of administrating vaccinations.Öğe Other lesions of the corpus callosum(Springer International Publishing, 2023) Tahta, Alican; Turgut, MehmetOther less common lesions can be detected in the corpus callosum (CC) in addition to well-known lesions. These pathologies include CC atrophy in chronic alcoholism, CC changes in high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), and Virchow-Robin spaces. Atrophy and tissue loss can be detected in the CC in chronic alcoholics. Lesions in the CC due to microbleeding can be detected in HACE. The Virchow-Robin spaces are associated with age and lacunar infarcts but are generally not expected to cause neurological deterioration. In this chapter, we will mention about the age and gender groups in which these lesions are common neuroimaging features, frequently involved parts of the CC, and pathophysiology of these lesions.Öğe Parvovirus and autoimmune diseases(Academic Press, 2024) Kıyak, Zeynep; Esirgün, Şevval Nil; Karaoğlan, Birnur Sinem; Kol, Mustafa Yusuf; Mahroum, NaimFor decades, the role of viruses in the initiation and exacerbation of autoimmune disorders have been widely documented. Recently, a growing number of studies have been questioning the relationship between human parvovirus B19 infection and autoimmune disorders. The reason behind a possible association was based on three key findings: (1) the similarities of the clinical manifestations of parvovirus B19 infection with certain autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); (2) the production of parvovirus B19 viral protein-induced antibody against self-antigens such as cardiolipin, single-stranded DNA, keratin, and collagen type II; (3) high prevalence of parvovirus B19 DNA as well as positive serological tests of parvovirus B19 in patients with autoimmune diseases. However, the virus-host interactions leading to autoimmune response after parvovirus B19 infection remain uncertain. Nevertheless, three mechanisms were proposed as an explanation for evoking an autoimmune response following infection: molecular mimicry, self-antigen presenting to T cells caused by parvovirus B19-induced erythroblast apoptosis, and the phospholipase activity of the unique region of parvovirus B19 VP1 protein. In fact, the importance of revealing the role of parvovirus B19 infection in autoimmune response particularly in the light of new therapeutic perspectives cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, in this chapter we review the mechanisms related to autoimmune disorders secondary to parvovirus B19 infection. Diseases such as SLE, autoimmune-mediated heart diseases like myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, as well as autoimmune hemolytic anemia are all presented and discussed.
