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Öğe Defining appropriate government strategies to reduce unemployment during COVID-19 pandemics(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Kalkavan, Hakan; Baş, Halim; Ersin, İrfan; Eti, Serkan; Yüksel, SerhatThe unemployment problem became more significant, especially after COVID-19 pandemics. This situation affected both developing and developed countries in a negative manner. Hence, the policies implemented by the states to prevent unemployment were also carefully considered during this process. Within this scope, various suggestions of ILO and OECD institutions have been made regarding these strategies. This study aims to identify the significant strategies countries should develop to reduce unemployment. For this purpose, 10 basic strategies offered by OECD to reduce the unemployment problem are considered. Moreover, an evaluation has been carried out by considering fuzzy DEMATEL methodology. The findings demonstrate that ensuring adequate income protection is the most appropriate criterion to minimize the unemployment problem in the COVID-19 process. During the pandemic period, economic rescue packages were announced by many governments and institutions. Despite all this support, millions of people lost their jobs in this process. Considering the analysis results obtained in this study, it would be appropriate for governments to focus primarily on the unemployed. In this framework, the implementation of strategies that will prevent citizens from being unemployed will contribute to the solution of this problem. Despite all these efforts, there may still be people losing their jobs in this process. Therefore, income-generating policies should be implemented especially for these people. For this purpose, the duration of unemployment benefits may be extended. In this way, it will be easier to combat the unemployment problem caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.Öğe The role of r&d investments on labor force: The case of selected developed countries(Springer, 2020) Baş, Halim; Canöz, İsmailWhether the change in R&D spending creates technological unemployment, in particular, is a controversial issue. Acceptance of this hypothesis might not be possible under all circumstances. At this point, especially if country-based research is conducted, it might be the right choice to consider the countries with the highest R&D expenditure. This study empirically analyses the role of R&D spending on unemployment by using annual data from 1996 to 2017 of 15 developed countries. In empirical results, it was first determined that there is no co-integration between the ratio of R&D expenditures to GDP and the unemployment rate. Therefore, an attempt was made to determine the existence of a hidden co-integration among the shocks of these variables. The direction of asymmetric causality among them was investigated as a result of the detection of findings that is evidence of hidden co-integration. Although there is an otherwise observation, asymmetric causality analysis results predominantly show that there is causality from R&D expenditures to unemployment.
