Eczacılık Fakültesi Makale Koleksiyonu

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12511/4183

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Development of free-standing h-BN/rGO/S composite cathodes for Li-S batteries: h-BN content and temperature effect
(2025) Şahin, Ayşe; Günsel, Hilal; Dombaycıoğlu, Şeyma; Aydın, Ali Osman
This study aims to improve the properties of Li-S batteries and overcome their disadvantages by utilizing hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanocomposites with unique features that provide advantages in their applications. For this purpose, composite films were produced using h-BN with superior mechanical and chemical properties along with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) possessing high electrical conductivity. Free-standing and flexible h-BN/rGO/S composite paper electrodes containing different weight ratios of functionalized h-BN were prepared. The obtained binder-free composite papers were employed as cathodes in Li-S batteries and applied at different temperatures. In this study, the structural, morphological, and thermal analyses of the composite cathodes were conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The optical measurements were carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis). After assembling CR2032 button cells, electrochemical performance tests were applied to assess the charge–discharge capacities. A high discharge capacity of 427 mAh g−1 was achieved after 1000 cycles. As a result, h-BN/rGO-based composites have been developed as environmentally friendly and metal-free materials, further enhancing the electrochemical performance and electron transport of lithium batteries.
Screening analysis of doping agents in horse urine and plasma with dilute and shoot using liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry
(2025) Göktaş, Eylem Funda; Kabil, Erol; Söylemez Yeşilçimen, Esma; Dirikolu, Levent
Various technical methodologies are required to accurately detect substances of different chemical and pharmacological properties in biological samples, which are increasing in number and variety daily. Therefore, laboratories where many samples and different factors are analyzed simultaneously need methods with easy sample preparation, short analysis times and low analysis costs. In this study, the objective was to scan substances susceptible to chemical degradation, amenable to analysis without hydrolysis, and exhibiting short-term stability by employing a straightforward, expeditious, and costefficient method. For this purpose, a high-throughput dilute and shoot screening protocol was developed and validated utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry to analyze various pharmacological compounds in horse urine and plasma. Over 200 prohibited substances across multiple categories were scanned within a 13 minute run. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column using an elution gradient of mobile phase A, 5 mM ammonium bicarbonate at pH 9, and mobile phase B, methanol, at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min-1. The method was validated according to the specifications of 2002/657/EC multi-screening requirements. The detection capability ranged from ≤1 to 200 ng mL-1 for prohibited substances. The implementation of the screening method in doping analysis, and the analysis of real positive case samples served to underscore the practical applicability of the developed method. To the best of our knowledge, this is a rare method that can be applied to both urine and plasma samples and provides a rapid, practical, broad-spectrum, and high-throughput analysis of prohibited substances in horse plasma and urine cost-effectively.
The effects of bone marrow humoral components of b-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients on natural killer cell suppression
(2025) Tahralı, İlhan; Yücel, Esra; Türkkan, Emine; Ayçiçek, Ali; Ünüvar, Ayşegül; Çınar, Suzan; Deniz, Günnur
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common form of cancer diagnosed in children. While the majority of patients survive with conventional treatment, chemotherapeutic agents have adverse effects and the potential for relapse persists even after full recovery. Given their pivotal function in anti-cancer immunity, there has been a surge in research exploring the potential of natural killer (NK) cells in immunotherapy, which has emerged as a promising avenue for treating leukemia. Nevertheless, the efficacy of NK cell immunotherapy is less pronounced than expected, which suggests the external conditions that affect NK cell functions after the administration to patients with leukemia. In this study, the effects of humoral components in the bone marrow humoral components of B-ALL patients on healthy NK cells were investigated. Healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with and without bone marrow-derived plasma samples of B-ALL patients. The expression of PD-1 and IL-10 were found to be increased whereas the proliferative capacities of NK cells were found to be decreased at the presence of B-ALL plasma samples. Moreover, high IL-10 versus low IL-18 levels were detected in bone marrow plasma samples of B-ALL patients. These findings indicate that humoral components in the bone marrow of B-ALL patients exert a suppressive effect on NK cell functions.
Impact of cooking on nutritional contents of kenger in terms of antioxidants
(2025) Kalkan, Indrani; Eyüpoğlu, Ozan Emre; Karataş, Şükrü; Aissaoui, Zakia El Miri; Anık, Ruşen
Kenger (Gundelia tournefortii) grown in Sanliurfa and neighbouring provinces in Turkiye, is known for its health promoting potential due to the presence of bioactive compounds as phenolics and antioxidant vitamins. However, such compounds in food may be affected by thermal treatment as cooking. This study investigated the impact of common cooking techniques (boiling and stir-frying in oil) on phenolics, vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of kenger. Phenolic compounds were analysed using LC–MS/MS and DPPH inhibition. Vitamin C was quantified using HPLC and antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH inhibition, ABTS and FRAP methods. Major phenolic compounds in raw samples were vanillic (18.755 ± 0.606 µg/g) and fumaric (16.211 ± 0.524 µg/g) acids. In boiled kenger, significant loss of fumaric (5.789 ± 0.187 µg/g), in stir-fried kenger, loss of vanillic (15.604 ± 0.504 µg/g) and fumaric (8.113 ± 0.262 µg/g) acids were noted (p < 0.05). Vitamin C content of raw kenger was 7.104 ± 0.074 µg/g but decreased to 6.812 ± 0.22 µg/g in boiled and 6.898 ± 0.072 µg/g in stir-fried samples. The radical scavenging potentials of sample extracts at different concentrations (25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 75 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL,150 mg/mL and 300 mg/mL) were tested by DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods. At 300 mg/mL, antioxidant activity in raw kenger was calculated as 1.350 ± 0.0007 μmoles/mg/mL (FRAP), 0.731 ± 0.0008 μg (EC50 DPPH) and 52 ± 3.45% TEAC (ABTS). In general, antioxidant activities for all methods increased with rising concentration of the sample extract. Antioxidant activity of boiled samples decreased significantly as per FRAP and increased for stir-fried kenger at higher sample concentrations as per FRAP and ABTS, possibly due to chemical changes during high thermal treatment in oil. Correlation between cooking methods was not significant (p > 0.05) in terms of phenolic compounds and vitamin C. Correlation between antioxidant activity assessing methods were only significant for 75 and 100 mg/mL sample concentration (rho = -0.90 p < 0.05). In conclusion, boiled and stir-fried kenger is suggested as optional consumption methods. Inclusion of condiments, herbs, olive oil, yoghurt during service would not only increase palatibility but also add to the health benefits.
Brain microRNA profiles after exposure to heroin in rats
(2025) Pençe, Halime Hanım; Kılıç, Ertuğrul; Elibol, Birsen; Kuraş, Sibel; Güzel, Mustafa; Büyük, Yalçın; Pençe, Sadrettin
Heroin addiction is one of the neuropsychiatric burdens that affects many genetic and epigenetic systems. While it is known that heroin may change the expressions of some genes in the brain during dependence, there is no detailed study related to which gene are mostly affected. Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to determine alterations in the miRNA profiles of rats’ brains for providing a detailed analysis of molecular mechanisms in heroin addiction-related toxicology. Next generation global miRNA sequencing was used to predict potential miRNAs in prefrontal cortex (PC), hippocampus, ventral tegmental area (VTA), striatum, and Nucleus accumbens (NA) of rats that exposed to heroin by intravenous injections. The total daily dose was started with 2 mg/kg and ended with 10 mg/kg on the 10th day. In the striatum, miR-18a, miR-17-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-106a, miR-301a-3p, miR872-5p, miR-15a-5p, miR-500-3p, and miR-339-5p expressions were upregulated by nearly 2-to-4 times with heroin. The expressions of hippocampal miR-153-3p, miR-130a-3p, miR-204-5p, miR-15b-5p, and miR-137-3p and the expressions of miR-872, miR-183-5p, miR-20a-5p, miR-325-5p, miR-379-5p, and miR-340-5p in the VTA were 2-times higher in the heroin-addicted rats. While there was nearly 2-times increase in the miR-129-1-3p and miR-3068-3p expressions in the NA, no change was noted in the PC due to heroin. The only heroin-dependent downregulation was observed in the expressions of striatal miR-450b-3p and miR-103-1-5p of VTA. These results suggested that heroin addiction might give harm to brain by altering cytokine balance and increasing neuroinflammation and apoptosis. In addition, neurons also try to compensate these abnormalities by enhancing neurogenesis and angiogenesis through several miRNAs in the different brain regions. In conclusion, the present study may provide a more integrated view of the molecular mechanism and a potential biomarker that will aid in clinical diagnosis and treatment of heroin-dependence.
Integrating of in silico and in vitro approaches to determine biological activities of abelmoschus esculentus’s seeds
(2024) Taşkın, Turgut; Mente, Sultan; Ekentok Atıcı, Ceyda; Ermanoğlu, Mizgin; Özdemir, Mücahit; Yalçın, Bahattin; Omurtag, Gülden Zehra
The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidant, anti-urease, and anticholinesterase properties of extracts from plant seeds, as well as their toxicity on normal cells. In addition, the goal of this work was to use an in silico and in vitro method to evaluate the biological activity and mechanism of action of A. esculentus. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), CUPRAC (Cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity), and FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) techniques were used to examine the antioxidant properties of plant extracts. The extracts' anticholinesterase, anti-urease, and cytotoxic activity were determined using the Ellman, Indophenol, and MTT techniques, respectively. Computer algorithms were used to estimate ADMET and molecular docking techniques for compounds in plant. When the antioxidant activity results were examined, it was determined that water (IC50:0.313 mg/mL) and ethanol (IC50:0.314 mg/mL) extract showed DPPH activities close to each other. It was determined that the water (7.780mM FeSO4/mg extract, 1.106 mM troloxE/mg extract) extract showed higher activity than the ethanol (3.420 mM FeSO4/mg extract, 0.343 mM troloxE/mg extract) extract in FRAP and CUPRAC experiments. Considering the enzyme inhibition results, it was determined that the water extract showed the highest anti-urease activity, while the ethanol extract showed the highest anticholinesterase activity. It was also determined that both extracts had no toxic effect on normal cell lines (L-929). Based on pkCSM values, procyanidin B1 and procyanidin B2 compounds have a low volume of distribution, whereas rutin and quercetin compounds have a high volume of distribution (VDss). Not all compounds were predicted to have mutagenic and hepatotoxicity effects. In terms of score and ligand efficiency, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, quercetin, and rutin compounds appear to be superior to the reference. The chemicals quercetin and procyanidin B2 are thought to be key players in the pathophysiology of oxidative stress. In this study, the fact that the seeds’ extracts have biological activity and have no toxic effects on normal cell lines suggests that the seeds can be used medicinally and nutritionally in the future.
Dispersive solid phase extraction and quadruple isotope dilution-mass spectrometry combination for the accurate and sensitive quantification of capsaicin in pepper, domestic wastewater and human saliva samples by gc-ms system
(2025) Bodur, Süleyman; Erarpat Bodur, Sezin; Gürsoy, Selim; Fırat Ayyıldız, Merve; Kartoğlu, Bedrihan; Akbıyık, Hilal; Bakırdere, Sezgin
In the presented study, reduced graphene oxide/Fe3O4 (rGO/Fe3O4) nanocomposites based dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) – gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was developed for the determination of capsaicin in domestic wastewater (DW), pepper (PP) and human saliva (HS) samples. All important parameters of the DSPE method affected the preconcentration factor were carefully optimized to achieve high signal to noise ratio for the analyte. After the optimization studies, the system analytical performance of DSPE-GC–MS system was evaluated using the aqueous standard solution of capsaicin. Limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ) and dynamic range were figured out to be 0.54 µg/kg, 1.80 µg/kg and 2.66 – 487.35 µg/kg, respectively. Under the optimum experimental conditions, recovery studies were conducted with the spiked DW, PP and HS samples, and percent recovery results were recorded between 52.6 % and 183.6 % via matrix matching calibration strategy. After the implementation of ID4 strategy, percent recovery results for the spiked DW, PP and HS samples were calculated as 98.2 %–99.3 %, 99.7 %–100.7 % and 99.4 %–99.8 %, respectively. In addition, capsaicin content in Sivri (S)-PP, Kıl (K)-PP and Samandağ (SA)-PP samples were found to be 309.5 ± 11.8 mg/kg, 873.7 ± 26.7 mg/kg and 165.3 ± 5.1 mg/kg via DSPE-GC-ID4-MS method, respectively. As a result, the combination of quadruple isotope dilution (ID4) strategy and the DSPE-GC–MS method were successfully performed to boost the accuracy and precision of developed DSPE-GC–MS method.
Comparison of estimated glomerular filtration rate using different formulas in Turkish population
(2024) Çattık, Büşra Nur; Umar, Rashida Muhammad
Objective: Creatinine-based equations are generally used in clinical practice to estimate glomerular filtration rates (GFR), but values are not usually consistent. This study aimed to evaluate the difference between estimated GFR values using different equations. Material and Method: Adult Turkish patients with serum creatinine measurements between January to December 2021 and complete demographic data were included. GFR values were calculated using 5 different formulas. GFR calculated with Cockcroft-Gault were normalized to body surface area and added to the comparison. Difference between GFR values and KDIGO stages were evaluated. Albunin/creatinine ratio (ACR) of patients was also assessed. Result and Discussion: A total of 305 patients with average age of 52.92 years were included. Six different GFR calculations were recorded with median values between 51.70 to 71.77 ml/min/1.73m2. Formula of The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease with the race factor for Turkish population resulted in the lowest eGFR values. The ACR values of only 42 patients were available and it was negatively correlated to all GFR values and positively correlated to all KDIGO stages (p<0.05). There were noteworthy variations in GFR values, based on patient demographics and/or equations. The need for novel practical methods for estimating GFR in general and specific patient populations are necessary.
Evaluation of the effect of carvedilol orodispersible tablets on ischemia-reperfusion injury and flap viability in rats: an in vivo study
(2024) Tokgönül, Serkan; Özyılmaz, Emine Dilek; Çomoğlu, Tansel; Gürbüz, Manolya Müjgan; Doğan Topal, Burcu; Koçak, Fatma Emel; Özakpınar, Hülda Rıfat
Flap surgery is an integral part of plastic surgery, and ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury significantly affects the viability of the flap. Carvedilol (CRV), a nonselective beta-blocker with alpha-1 blocking and antioxidant properties, and known for its potential in reducing I/R damage, was chosen as the active substance for our study. The aim of this study was to investigate the vasodilator and antioxidant effects of CRV on rat inferior epigastric artery skin flap using orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). The optimized ODT formulation was subjected to in vivo experiments using Sprague–Dawley female rats (n = 24) divided into three groups: Group I (control, I/R), Group II (treatment, I/R + CRV), and Group III (treatment, I/R), I/R + CRV ODT). Reperfusion was then observed following the release of the microclamp from the pedicle, and the flap was then re-adapted to its original position. Control rats were given oral isotonic solution via gavage and were subjected to 8 h of ischemia and 12 h of reperfusion. Group II was given 2 mg/kg CRV oral tablets for 7 days before and after surgery. Group III was given 2 mg/kg/day CRV ODT for the same period. Biopsies were taken from the flap and histopathological and biochemical analyses including superoxide dismutase, glutathionenitric oxide, malondialdehyde, paraoxonase 1, total oxidant, and total antioxidant capacities were performed. This study demonstrates that CRV ODTs significantly increased flap viability by approximately 25% compared to the control group, highlighting their promising therapeutic potential.
Investigation of in vitro wound healing properties of salvia sclarea and citrus aurantium essential oil combinations
(2024) Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Demirci, Betül; Şakar, Zeynep Zişan; Biltekin, Sevde Nur
Salvia sclarea L. and Citrus aurantium L. are used ethnobotanically for wound treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemical composition of Salvia sclarea L. and Citrus aurantium L. leaf essential oils and wound healing activities of their combinations. The phytochemical analysis was performed gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectroscopy (MS). Major components of S. sclarea leaf essential oil was confirmed both by GC-FID and GC/MS as 67% linalyl acetate, 20.2% linalool, 2.6%α-terpineole, respectively. The major components of C. aurantium leaf essential oil was also confirmed as 55% linalyl acetate, 23.4% linalool, 5.4%α-terpineole, respectively. Combinations of essential oils were loaded into Carbopol gel formulations. Wound healing activity of essential oil and combinations was investigated using in vitro scratch assay. As a result of the study, it was determined that the most effective wound healing concentration for Salvia sclarea essential oil was 50 µg/mL. The most effective concentration of Citrus aurantifolia essential oil was determined as 12.5 µg/mL. The aim of the study is to investigate the wound healing activities of the tested essential oils individually and in combination. The fact that no activity is observed in empty formulations is evidence that the activity of the loaded formulations does not come from empty formulations. It was observed that the loaded formulations showed better effects than the control Madecassol. Studies need to be confirmed by working under in vivo conditions.
Development and validation of an RP-HPLC method to compare the apoptotic activity of quercetin found in marketed dietary supplements
(2024) Erim, Ümit Can; Ayşit, Neşe
Quercetin is a ubiquitous bioactive flavonoid found in broad selection of dietary supplements. It has potential beneficial health effects and induces therapeutic activity in many diseases including different types of cancer. Quercetin exerts cytotoxic activity in cancer and induces apoptotic cell death. Albeit, each dietary supplement consists of impurities, which in turn diminish the biological activity of the quercetin. Herein, we extracted quercetin from 5 different marketed dietary supplements in tablet formulation and detected their quercetin content by developing and validating an RP-HPLC method. We further investigated the cytotoxic activity of quercetin and its role in apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway in MCF-7 and 4T1 breast cancer cell lines. Our findings demonstrated that the quercetin content in all formulations was less than the amount stated in the labeling information, nevertheless they exerted significant cytotoxic activities in breast cancer cells. We revealed that formulations with high quercetin content induced apoptosis through restoring the tumor suppression activity of p53 and activating downstream caspases, whereas the formulation with low quercetin content potentially induced non-apoptotic cell death. Our work illustrates the involvement of quercetin in apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in accordance with the quercetin content detected by the RP-HPLC.
Assessment of primary health-care providers’ knowledge of alzheimer’s disease in Turkey
(2024) Ayhan, Yunus Emre; Özmen, Muhammet; Öztürk, Nur; Aksoy, Nilay
Purpose: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia in elderly people and needs extensive professional care. The aim of our study was to assess the level of knowledge among primary health-care providers, primarily Family Physicians (FPs) and community pharmacists (CPs), about AD and its treatment. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional study using Google Forms sent by email or message to FPs and CPs in Istanbul in June–July 2023. Turkish modified the Alzheimer’s Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) and Alzheimer’s Medicines Knowledge Level Questionnaire (AMKLQ) were used in this study. Findings: A total of 63 FPs with a mean age of 35.3 ± 7.8 and 138 CPs with a mean age of 38.6 ± 12.6 enrolled in the study. There was no statistically significant difference between FPs and CPs in terms of total ADKS score (19.82 ± 2.30 vs 19.23 ± 3.08, p = 0.136), but there was a significant difference in terms of total AMKLQ score (4.31 ± 1.40 vs 3.81 ± 1.49, p = 0.020). Health-care providers with Alzheimer’s training had a higher total AMKLQ score (OR =1.08 CI 95% [1.03–1.14], p = 0.012). Originality/value: FPs’ knowledge of AD is on par with that of CPs. Nevertheless, it has been observed that FPs have more proficiency in delivering accurate responses to the AMKLQ and ADKS inquiries, which encompass crucial details regarding the treatment of AD. The sole determinant of the highest mean AMKLQ score was found to be professional education. Collectively, these arguments emphasize the need for primary health-care practitioners to obtain comprehensive and ongoing education regarding AD and its treatment.
In vitro antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine in combination with essential oils of mentha x piperita l. & thymus serpyllum l. & pelargonium graveolens l’hér
(2024) Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Kahya, Sümeyye Elif; Çaşkurlu Öz, Ayşegül; Demirci, Betül; Demirci, Fatih
In this study, the antimicrobial potential of Mentha piperita & Thymus serpyllum &Pelargonium graveolens essential oil combinations was evaluated with Chlorhexidine. These species used ethnobotanically against throat infections. The commercial oils were analysed by GC-MS to confirm phytochemistry. Antimicrobial evaluation of the essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans were performed using in vitro microdilution assay. Binary combinations of Chlorhexidine-essential oils were evaluated using the checkerboard method. M. piperita essential oil contained 47% menthol as the major component, whereas the main component of T. serpyllum essential oil was 19% geraniol, and the main component of P. graveolens was 25% citronellol, respectively. The calculated fractional inhibition concentration index (FICI) of chlorhexidine-T. serpyllum combinations against S. mutans resulted as antagonistic (FICI 3.3643), while the FICI of chlorhexidine-P. graveolens essential oil combination resulted in synergistic (FICI 0.4326). Also, the FICI value = 0.252 of chlorhexidine-P. graveolens essential oil combinations against S. aureus were synergistic. To the best of our knowledge, combinations of these oils with Chlorhexidine were observed for the first time in this study with the potential application as mouthwash formulation.
Assessment of primary health-care providers’ knowledge of alzheimer’s disease in Turkey
(2024) Ayhan, Yunus Emre; Özmen, Muhammet; Öztürk, Nur; Aksoy, Nilay
Purpose: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia in elderly people and needs extensive professional care. The aim of our study was to assess the level of knowledge among primary health-care providers, primarily Family Physicians (FPs) and community pharmacists (CPs), about AD and its treatment. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional study using Google Forms sent by email or message to FPs and CPs in Istanbul in June–July 2023. Turkish modified the Alzheimer’s Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) and Alzheimer’s Medicines Knowledge Level Questionnaire (AMKLQ) were used in this study. Findings: A total of 63 FPs with a mean age of 35.3 ± 7.8 and 138 CPs with a mean age of 38.6 ± 12.6 enrolled in the study. There was no statistically significant difference between FPs and CPs in terms of total ADKS score (19.82 ± 2.30 vs 19.23 ± 3.08, p = 0.136), but there was a significant difference in terms of total AMKLQ score (4.31 ± 1.40 vs 3.81 ± 1.49, p = 0.020). Health-care providers with Alzheimer’s training had a higher total AMKLQ score (OR =1.08 CI 95% [1.03–1.14], p = 0.012). Originality/value: FPs’ knowledge of AD is on par with that of CPs. Nevertheless, it has been observed that FPs have more proficiency in delivering accurate responses to the AMKLQ and ADKS inquiries, which encompass crucial details regarding the treatment of AD. The sole determinant of the highest mean AMKLQ score was found to be professional education. Collectively, these arguments emphasize the need for primary health-care practitioners to obtain comprehensive and ongoing education regarding AD and its treatment.
Quercetin/polyethyleneimine modified gold nanoconjugates inhibit apoptosis and ros production induced by hydrogen peroxide in drg sensory neurons
(2024) Özçiçek, İlyas; Baydaş, Gülsena; Erim, Ümit Can; Üstündağ, Ünsal Veli
The basis of most neurological syndromes is the accumulation of free radical molecules. Quercetin is a polyphenolic bioflavonoid molecule and it has a very strong antioxidant effect by maintaining oxidative balance. There are many difficulties in the clinical use of quercetin due to its hydrophobic structure, low solubility, instability, poor oral bioavailability, and limited tissue-barrier penetration. Its synergistic use in complex with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) could overcome these problems. AuNPs have recently emerged as an attractive candidate for delivery applications of various biomolecules and drugs. The aim of this study was to synthesize two different sized gold nanoparticles (AuNP20 and AuNP50) modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and quercetin, evaluate their potential neuroprotective effects on the in vitro oxidative stress model using DRG primary sensory neurons. It was shown that the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic ability of the bioflavonoid was preserved after exposure to the designed quercetin modified AuNPs. The PEI surface coating increased the stability and biocompatibility of the AuNPs in both sizes. It also potentially enables additional surface functionalization. This study indicates that designed nanoparticles (AuNP-Q-PEI) with different sizes could be a useful potential platform for the treatment of neurodegenerative syndromes or cancer diseases.
Cytotoxic activity of the fruit extracts of heptaptera cilicica (boiss. & balansa) tutin
(2024) Mihoğlugil, Feyyaz; Tosun, Fatma; Miski, Mahmut
The fruit extracts of Heptaptera cilicica (Boiss. & Balansa) Tutin were screened for cytotoxic activities on the colon (COLO205 and KM12) and kidney (UO31 and A498) cancer cell lines. The highest cytotoxic activities were observed in the dichloromethane extract of the fruits with IC50 values of 12.1 mg/mL and 12.2 mg/mL on the COLO205 and KM12 cell lines, respectively. In contrast, the ethyl acetate extract of the fruits exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 33.6 mg/mL and 37.2 mg/mL against the COLO205 and KM12 cell lines. Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of the fruits exhibited weak cytotoxic activity against the UO31 and A498 cancer cell lines with IC50 values greater than 50 mg/mL. Aqueous-methanol extract of the fruits showed cytotoxic activity against all cancer cell lines with IC50 value greater than 50 mg/mL.
Chemical characterization and biological properties of oyster and shiitake mushrooms extracts and their liposomal formulations
(2024) Macit, Çağlar; Eyüpoğlu, Ozan Emre; Macit, Meltem; Zengin, Gökhan
In recent years, the production of liposomal formulations using mushroom extracts has gained increasing interest to increase the bioavailability of bioactive compounds in the nutraceutical field. Based on this information, we aimed to determine the antioxidant capacity (by DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC and FRAP assays) and enzyme inhibition (against cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase and tyrosinase) activities of alone and liposomal formulations of Pleurotus ostreatus (OYE) or Lentinus edodes (SHE) in different extracts solvents which were methanol (MeOH), aqua (Aq), methanol/aqua (MeOH/Aq). The extracts and formulations were chemically characterized using HPLC-DAD. The mean diameter of SL:SHE and SL:OYE (in MeOH/Aq) extended in range between 60 and 165 nm. The entrapment yields of SL:SHE and SL:OYE (in MeOH/Aq) were 63.8% ± 3.7% and 71.2% ± 2.8%, respectively. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that ferulic and cinnamic acids were main components in the liposomal formulations. Liposomal formulations (in MeOH) showed higher antioxidant activity in the FRAP and CUPRAC assays. SL:SHE (in Aq) showed effective enzyme inhibition activity on acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase and glucosidase enzymes. Based on our findings, the liposomal formulations can be a valuable strategy in preparing functional applications with shiitake and oyster mushrooms.
Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel indole derivatives as dual EGFR/SRC kinase inhibitors
(2024) Olgen, Süreyya; Biltekin Kaleli, Sevde Nur; Taktak Karaca, Banu; Demirel, Ural Ufuk; Karataş Bristow, Hacer
Background: Recent studies showed that the cooperation between c-SRC and EGFR is responsible for more aggressive phenotype in diverse tumors, including glioblastomas and carcinomas of the colon, breast, and lung. Studies show that combination of SRC and EGFR inhibitors can induce apoptosis and delay the acquired resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, such combination may lead to a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of EGFR-mutant lung cancer. Osimertinib was developed as a third-generation EGFR-TKI to combat the toxicity of EGFR mutant inhibitors. Due to the resistance and adverse reaction of osimertinib and other kinase inhibitors, 12 novel compounds structurally similar to osimertinib were designed and synthesized. Methods: Compounds were synthesized by developing novel original synthesis methods and receptor interactions were evaluated through a molecular docking study. To evaluate their inhibitory activities against EGFR and SRC kinase, in vitro enzyme assays were used. Anticancer potencies were determined using lung, breast, prostate (A549, MCF6, PC3) cancer cell lines. Compounds were also tested against normal (HEK293) cell line to evaluate their cyctotoxic effects. Results: Although, none of compounds showed stronger inhibition compared to osimertinib in the EGFR enzyme inhibition studies, compound 16 showed the highest efficacy with an IC50 of 1.026 ?M. It also presented potent activity against SRC kinase with an IC50 of 0.002 ?M. Among the tested compounds, the urea containing derivatives 6-11 exhibited a strong inhibition profile (80.12-89.68%) against SRC kinase in comparison to the reference compound dasatinib (93.26%). Most of the compounds caused more than 50% of cell death in breast, lung and prostate cancer cell lines and weak toxicity for normal cells in comparison to reference compounds osimertinib, dasatinib and cisplatin. Compound 16 showed strong cytotoxicity on lung and prostate cancer cells. Treatment of prostate cancer cell lines with the most active compound, 16, significantly increased the caspase-3 (8-fold), caspase-8 (6-fold) and Bax (5.7-fold) levels and decreased the Bcl-2 level (2.3-fold) compared to the control group. These findings revealed that the compound 16 strongly induces apoptosis in the prostate cancer cell lines. Conclusion: Overall kinase inhibition, cytotoxicity and apoptosis assays presented that compound 16 has dual inhibitory activity against SRC and EGFR kinases while maintaining low toxicity against normal cells. Other compounds also showed considerable activity profiles in kinase and cell culture assays.
Aflatoxins, fumonisins, citrinin, and zearalenone contents and health risk estimates in bee products in Turkey
(2024) Keskin, Eda; Eyüpoğlu, Ozan Emre
Food contamination is an important global food safety issue. This study aimed to detect aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), fumonisins (FB1, FB2), citrinin (CIT), and zearalenone (ZEA) in four bee product groups (honey, royal jelly, bee pollen, propolis) in Turkey. Additionally, exposure and risk assessments were made for mycotoxins detected in these products. Mycotoxin analyzes in bee products were carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) methods. The most frequently detected mycotoxins in all bee products were ZEA (37.5%) and AFB2 (36.6%). The analysis showed that the average concentrations of FB2 (2.091 ?g/kg), AFB1 (0.595 ?g/kg), and ZEA (0.009 ?g/kg) in all bee products were above the detection limit levels, while the levels of AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, FB1, and CIT were below the limit of detection. When comparing bee products, it was found that honey samples were more exposed to AFB2 and FB1, bee pollen to FB1, propolis to AFB2, and royal jelly to ZEA contamination. AFG1 and CIT were not detected in propolis and bee pollen, respectively. All mycotoxins analyzed in the study pose no health risks when bee products are consumed daily.
Autism spectrum disorder: evaluation of community-based screening program
(2024) Sezerol, Mehmet Akif; Davun, Selin
Background/aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the results of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) screenings conducted in a region of İstanbul between 2018 and 2023. Materials and methods: This descriptive study was conducted between April 2018 and February 2023 among 25,839 children aged between 18–36 months who had been screened for autism spectrum disorder in Sultanbeyli, İstanbul. Children between 18–36 months are examined and a form consisting of 5 questions and typical symptoms of ASD is filled. Each question is answered as yes or no. Answering yes to at least one of the questions is sufficient to direct them to child psychiatry. Results: Between 2018 and 2023, a total of 25,839 children were screened for autism spectrum disorders, 1449 children were found to be at risk, and 88 were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. According to the sex distribution of the children, the male:female ratio is 3.6:1. The 5-year prevalence was found to be 0.9%. With the effect of the pandemic between 2020 and 2021, screening rates have decreased and the number of diagnoses has decreased. The most common symptom among those diagnosed is delay in speaking, and the second is inability to make eye contact. Conclusion: Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder whose prevalence is increasing globally and for which early diagnosis is important. To recognize this disease, it is necessary to increase screening and raise awareness among families. This study will also shed light on future studies on this subject.

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