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Öğe International organisations and norm diffusion: the case of UNODC in Central Asia(Palgrave Macmillan, 2024) Genç, Hatice DenizThe political landscape of Central Asia experienced a profound and irreversible transformation following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. While common trends, such as shifting from planned to market economies and attempts at democratisation, were observed, the distinctive context of each Central Asian state played a unique role in shaping their individual transitions. This process has been further accelerated since the early 2000s with the increasing presence and influence of various actors, including states, multinational companies, and nongovernment and international organisations, across the region. Within this evolving landscape, international organisations have emerged as norm entrepreneurs, playing significant roles in diffusing norms within Central Asia. Whilst actively involved in the region, UNODC’s specific activities, projects, and mechanisms via which it disseminates norms on issues within its mandate in Central Asia remain unexplored. This chapter addresses this gap and seeks to answer the following questions: How does UNODC foster international norms and standards in response to transnational challenges? Why is UNODC’s involvement crucial in facilitating norm diffusion within Central Asia? This study also addresses potential contestation from the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) against UNODC’s norm diffusion and reflects upon evolving global governance dynamics and the boundaries of norm diffusion in the Central Asian region.Öğe An asset or liability: Turkey's potential in availing EU global actorness(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Doğan, Erhan; Genç, Hatice DenizBy focusing on the question of actorness first, this chapter builds on the textual analysis of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) sections of European Commission Progress Reports on Turkey and it examines Turkish perspectives on European Union (EU) actorness by presenting a thorough discussion on Turkey's alignment with EU's CFSP. As the analysis reveals, contradictory to the asymmetrical relationship between the EU and Turkey, Turkey's alignment with the Union's foreign policy remained only selective, meaning that Turkey was deliberately not aligning with all common positions, sanctions and statements. In this respect, the analysis sketches a link between Turkey's alignment to CFSP and EU actorness, and it argues the reasons for low level of alignment in Turkey. Lastly, it is highlighted in this chapter that Turkey could have played a critical role in strengthening and projecting a common foreign policy through which the EU would exercise regional and global actorness.Öğe Mass customization and industry 4.0(Peter Lang AG, 2022) Al, Arzu; İrgüren, Oğuzhan[Abstract Not Available]Öğe How to accelerate electrification? The leverage of policies(Elsevier, 2021) Aalto, Pami; Kotilainen, Kirsi; Sovacool, Benjamin; Bilgin, Mert; Talus, KimThis chapter discusses the types of policy instruments that can be deployed to accelerate electrification as a master solution to climate neutrality. We first situate the target outcome of climate neutrality in the context of further interests within society that also affect the conduct of policy actors. Simultaneously we acknowledge the presence of structural features such as historically developed path-dependencies and lock-ins within the energy system and society. We then differentiate between varieties of policy instruments: command-and-control instruments, economic instruments, management and planning instruments, as well as education and information instruments. Using a structuration approach to energy policy formation, we finally discuss how policy-makers assess the structures discernible in their policy environments and on that basis eventually choose between rival policy options. We expect policy-makers to identify and choose which policy instruments to promote on the basis of their analysis of the situation as they perceive it.Öğe The dimensions and politics of discrimination against syrian refugees in Turkey(Peter Lang AG, 2021) Duygulu Elcim, ŞirinThis chapter discusses the changes and continuities in the policies developed for refugees in Turkey with a focus on the ways through which these policies perpetuate various faces of discrimination. Turkey has around four million refugees, 3.5 million of which came from Syria in the last decade. Providing a safe, hospitable living environment for such a large number of people where individuals can enjoy their human rights and also take part in social, economic, and political life of the country that they relocated to is a very difficult task for any government to realize. Turkey has faced this challenge in a time of economic downturn and rising internal and international security concerns. Thus, understanding the root causes and implications of the discrimination that overshadows the daily experiences of refugees in Turkey could only be possible if not just the legal and political but also economic and psychological dimensions surrounding the events are considered. For this reason, this chapter will adopt both a historical and a multidimensional approach. After discussing legal, discursive, institutional, and socioeconomic reasons behind discrimination, the chapter will focus on the need for and the difficulty of developing a differentiated approach in addressing the needs of different groups within the refugee populations.Öğe Political risk, political instability and the transitional periphery in the age of global uncertainty(Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2018) Usul, Ali Resul[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Political economy of transformation of capital structure in Turkey: A historical and comparative view(Palgrave Macmillan, 2018) Babacan, AbdurrahmanComprehensive insight into the transformation of the Turkish capital structure implies understanding the historical basis of the issue, which should first include center-periphery relations that arose mainly as the historical tension between two blocs of Turkish political-economic forces. In this way, one may follow the footsteps of the breakthrough period initiated mainly by the Özal era in the early 1980s, whose main policies were aimed at effecting a transformation grounded on political and economic liberalism and its direct/indirect reflections for a newly emerging capital group mainly based in Anatolia, along with the statistical rise of some new local cities/regions/corporations, and its political-economic content. In this framework, the two main interest groups of industrial and business associations, Turkish Industry and Business Association (TUSIAD) and Independent Industrialists’ and Businessmen’s Association (MUSIAD), appear more clearly in this historical process as representatives of the two different political-economic factions in terms of magnitude, volume, regional/geographic basis, mental and cultural codes/roots, and, hence, differentiated vision and structural realities.
