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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12511/4356

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Optimization of morris water maze protocols: effects of water temperature and hypothermia on spatial learning and memory in aged female rats
(2024) Oran, Duygu Sultan; Temel, Zeynep; Başer, İbrahim Gökşin; Temizyürek, Arzu; Selcan, Ayşin
Introduction: Aging is a highly complex process driven by a multitude of factors. The use of humans in aging research is complicated by many factors (ethical issues; environmental and social factors; long natural life span). Therefore, rats are common models for the study of aging and age-related diseases. The Morris water maze test is one of the most common cognitive tests in studies investigating age-related learning and memory. However, standardized protocols are lacking, which could influence results. This study investigated the effects of water temperature and inter-trial interval on physiological parameters, hippocampus-dependent learning, and memory in aged female rats performing the Morris Water Maze. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two female Wistar Hannover rats, aged over 18 months, were divided into four groups based on water temperature (20 °C or 24 °C) and inter-trial interval (30 seconds or 13 minutes). Results: Rats exposed to 24 °C demonstrated better spatial learning and memory retention than those at 20 °C. The interaction between inter-trial interval and water temperature significantly affected memory, with higher temperatures improving memory, especially with shorter intervals. Inter-trial interval alone did not significantly affect learning, but longer durations were associated with more stable body temperatures. Neither water temperature nor inter-trial interval significantly influenced body weight. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the need to standardize environmental conditions in Morris water maze protocols to enhance research validity and reliability. Optimizing these protocols is crucial to upholding ethical standards and ensuring animal welfare, advancing more effective and scientifically sound practices in gerontological research, and fostering a better understanding of aging processes.
From mind to mind: understanding the role of mothers in children's theory of mind
(2024) Koç, Nursena; Tahiroğlu, Deniz; Uzundağ, Berna
Theory of mind (ToM) enables children to comprehend mental states of themselves and others. In this first study investigating the mediating role of mothers' mental state talk between mothers' sociocognitive skills (i.e., mothers' ToM and parental reflective functioning) and children's ToM, 89 children (M(SD)age = 57.0 months (5.49)) and their mothers from Türkiye participated. Results revealed that mothers with higher prementalization scores used fewer affective and desire words. Mothers exhibiting greater interest and curiosity in mental states used more cognitive words, while those with more proficient ToM skills tended to use more mental state terms indicating certainty (e.g., ‘perhaps’). Furthermore, mothers' use of certainty words mediated the relationship between mothers' ToM and children's ToM. These cross-sectional findings underscore the significant role of mothers' socio-cognitive abilities in mother-child interactions regarding mental states and the development of children's ToM skills, and call for a longitudinal investigation into these relationships.
Prevalence and risk factors of ptsd, depression, and grief among survivors of 2023 Türkiye earthquake
(2024) Ulusoy, Sevinç; Çelik, Zulal; Güleryuz, Aleyna; Esgibağ, Havva Ceren; Yavuz, Kaasım Fatih
This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and complicated grief among 529 adults residing in a container city, 4 months after the 2023 earthquakes in Türkiye. Participants were assessed using the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition, the Hamilton Depression Scale, and the Inventory of Complicated Grief. The prevalence rates of probable PTSD, depression, and complicated grief were 21.4%, 15.9%, and 64.7%, respectively. Logistic regression analyses indicated that PTSD was significantly associated with the loss of a loved one, fear of future earthquakes, and decreased perceived life control. Similarly, depression was associated with being trapped under debris, experiencing fear during the earthquake, and reduced perceived life control. These findings suggest that individuals presenting these risk factors warrant closer follow-up for potential psychological issues. Additionally, the impact of fear related to the earthquake and the role of perceived life control emerge as crucial considerations for psychological interventions.
Investigation of the relationship between upper limb apraxia and neuropsychological profile in Alzheimer's disease dementia and mild cognitive impairment
(2024) Şahintürk, Saliha; Doğanoğlu, İrem; Hanoğlu, Lütfü; Yıldırım, Erol
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the differences in upper limb apraxia assessments and neuropsychological profiles of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls. Patients and methods: A total of 53 participants were included in the retrospective study, including nine patients with MCI, 23 patients diagnosed with AD, and 21 healthy patients equivalent in age and education level. The participants' data were collected between July 2021 and December 2022. A 12-question mini-test taken from the Test of Upper Limb Apraxia (TULIA) was used in the apraxia evaluation. Individuals' upper limb apraxia evaluations were compared according to diagnostic groups, and their neuropsychological profiles were also examined. Results: Apraxia was found to be associated with impairments in memory retrieval function, executive dysfunction, and decrease in object naming performance. Significant differences were observed between diagnostic groups in both apraxia assessment and neuropsychological tests. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the cognitive profile that emerges with the combined use of upper extremity apraxia assessment and related neuropsychological tests may serve as a marker and guide in the planning and correct execution of treatment in the transition to Alzheimer-type dementia, similar to other neuropsychological tests.
Personal belief in a just world moderates the link between ınduced empathy and willingness to volunteerism among non-volunteers, but not volunteers
(2024) Soyören, Şevval Aymila; Aktaş, Büşra Eylem
Previous research suggests that empathy is a strong contributor to altruistic behavior. However, there is a lack of research regarding the role of empathy in long-term, effortful altruistic acts such as volunteering. In this preregistered study, we aimed to understand the moderating role of belief in a just world in the association between induced empathy and intentions to volunteer among both volunteers (N = 99) and non-volunteers (N = 203). Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (N = 149) or the neutral group (N = 153). In the experimental group, participants read a text about the suffering of an individual with a chronic illness. In the control group, participants read a text about a typical Tuesday for someone. Then, all participants were asked to complete surveys regarding empathy levels, prosocial intentions, belief in a just world, and demographics. Results showed that inducing empathy did not directly affect the levels of intention to volunteer in the future. However, empathy induction was effective for non-volunteers, particularly those with lower levels of personal (but not general) belief in a just world. These results suggest that increasing levels of empathy might be ineffective when personal belief in a just world poses a barrier to displaying volunteering acts. Notably, these findings were observed specifically for non-volunteers, not for volunteers. Thus, future research should explore potential differences due to previous volunteering experiences and the levels of belief in a just world in the motivating roles of empathic concerns for displaying long-term, effortful helping behaviors.
Is belief priming associated with prosocial intentions? Experimental evidence from Turkey
(2025) Aktaş, Büşra Eylem; Tosyalı, Furkan; Taşdelen, Merve
In light of prior research emphasizing the complexity of the link between religiosity and prosocial tendencies, it has remained unknown which specific aspects of faith might motivate individuals to increase concerns about the welfare of others. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of various dimensions of faith (positive, neutral, and negative) on prosocial intentions, considering preexisting levels of religiosity. Initially, participants (N = 217) were asked to provide demographic information and indicate their levels of religiosity through an online data collection platform. Subsequently, participants were randomly assigned to experimental groups in which involving made-up passages describing research findings that emphasized positive (N = 77), negative (N = 78), or neutral (N = 62) outcomes of faith. Finally, participants responded to four scenarios assessing their prosocial intentions. The findings showed that highlighting positive outcomes of faith increases prosocial intentions, particularly among individuals with higher levels of preexisting religiosity. However, neutral or negative aspects of faith showed no significant impact on prosocial intentions, regardless of religiosity levels. These findings contribute to ongoing debates by showing the significance of accounting for individual and contextual variances in religious prosociality and expand previous research by providing evidence from a non-Western cultural context, Turkey, with a predominantly Muslim population.
The effect of mood on risk taking: a systematic review
(2024) Saka, Burcu; Yıldırım, Erol
This research investigates the nuanced influence of internally experienced moods, specifically focusing on positive and negative moods, on individuals' propensity for risk-taking behavior. The objective is to discern the intricate impact of mood on risk-taking, a subject that has elicited varying results in diverse studies. A systematic search for experimental-research studies, spanning from the present to 1983, was conducted using PubMed and Semantic Scholar databases. After a meticulous examination of the complete texts, a final set of 13 studies was chosen for analysis. The results revealed divergent findings: some studies indicated that positive mood increased risk-taking behavior, while others suggested a similar effect for negative mood. These opposing outcomes are explained by two hypotheses: the Mood-Maintenance Hypothesis and the Affect Infusion Model. This study aims to comprehensively explore and compare the substantiation of these two theories across a range of experimental studies, contributing to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between mood and risk-taking behavior.
Effects of tDCS on emotion recognition and brain oscillations
(2024) Şahintürk, Saliha; Yıldırım, Erol
Introduction: Emotion recognition, the ability to interpret the emotional state of individuals by looking at their facial expressions, is essential for healthy social interactions and communication. There is limited research on the effects of tDCS on emotion recognition in the literature. This study aimed to investigate the effects of anodal stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a key region for emotion recognition from facial expressions, on emotion recognition and brain oscillations. Method: A single-blind randomized-controlled study was conducted with 54 healthy participants. Before and after brain stimulation emotion recognition tasks were administered and resting-state EEG were recorded. The changes in task performances and brain oscillations were analyzed using repeated-measures two-way ANOVA analysis. Results: There was no significant difference in the emotion recognition tasks between groups in pre-post measurements. The changes in delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma frequency bands in the frontal, temporal, and posterio-occipital regions, which were determined as regions of interest in resting state EEG data before and after tDCS, were compared between groups. The results showed that there was a significant difference between groups only in delta frequency before and after tDCS in the frontal and temporal regions. While an increase in delta activity was observed in the experimental group in the frontal and temporal regions, a decrease was observed in the control group., Conclusions: The tDCS may not have improved emotion recognition because it may not have had the desired effect on the vmPFC, which is in the lower part of the prefrontal lobe. The changes in EEG frequencies observed section tDCS may be similar to those seen in some pathological processes, which could explain the lack of improvement in emotion recognition. Future studies to be carried out for better understand this effect are important.
Does anxiety have an impact on temporomandibular disorders? A study in a Turkish sample by using specific questionnaires
(2024) Akbulut, Aslıhan; Kurt, Hanefi; Uslu Toygar, Hilal; Yıldırım, Erol
Objective: The aim of the study is to verify the impact of anxiety on temporomandibular disorders (TMD) by using specific questionnaires in a Turkish sample. Methods: This survey was conducted on 292 patients with a mean age of 38.59 ± 10.38 using Helkimo index, Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Spearman Correlation and Fisher Freeman Halton analyses were used for the statistical analysis. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the Helkimo anamnestic dysfunction (HAD) levels in terms of OHIP-14 total scores or STAI state scores. There was, however, a statistically positive correlation between STAI state and OHIP-14 total values at 18.4%, a positive correlation between the STAI trait and OHIP-14 total values at 29.8%. Conclusion: No significant correlation was observed between OHIP-14 total scores, STAI state scores, and HAD levels. Therefore, this study did not find a significant relationship between TMDs and anxiety.
Effects of sensory-motor perception and movement trainings in 2-6 years old children having developmental problems on development area and emotional and behavioral problems
(2024) Güleç, Remzi; Yıldırım, Erol
This study aimed to examine the effects of sensory-motor perception and movement training on the developmental areas and emotional and behavioral problems of children with neurodevelopmental problems. The sensory-motor perception and movement training program applied in this work focused on the personal and social, fine and gross motor, receptive and expressive language, emotion, and behavior issues of 15 children aged 2 to 6 years consisting of nine children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, three children having Speech Disorder, and three children having General Development Delay. The program was applied for 18 weeks, six days a week and two hours per day, for a total of 216 hours. The Denver-II development scale and the Child Behavior Checklists (separately for ages of 2-3 and 4-6) were used to create the pretest-posttest design. Using these data, the positive impacts of training on development areas as well as emotional and behavioral issues were measured. According to the Wilcoxon signed-rank test results, children's Denver-II development scale and its sub-dimensions' scores after sensory-motor perception and movement training improved significantly (p<0.05). When the pretest and posttest averages of Child Behavior Checklist for children aged 2-3 and 4-6 were compared, internalizing, externalizing, and overall scores decreased significantly after sensory-motor perception and movement training (p<0.05). In conclusion, children with developmental problems aged 2 to 6 who received sensory-motor, perception, and movement training showed significant decrease in anxiety levels, significant reduction in aggressive and destructive behavior, and significant improvement in fine- and gross-motor abilities as well as language and social skills.
Investigation of the relationship between upper limb apraxia and neuropsychological profile in alzheimer’s disease dementia and mild cognitive impairment
(2024) Şahintürk, Saliha; Doğanoğlu, İrem; Hanoğlu, Lütfü; Yıldırım, Erol
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the differences in upper limb apraxia assessments and neuropsychological profiles of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls. Patients and methods: A total of 53 participants were included in the retrospective study, including nine patients with MCI, 23 patients diagnosed with AD, and 21 healthy patients equivalent in age and education level. The participants’ data were collected between July 2021 and December 2022. A 12-question mini-test taken from the Test of Upper Limb Apraxia (TULIA) was used in the apraxia evaluation. Individuals’ upper limb apraxia evaluations were compared according to diagnostic groups, and their neuropsychological profiles were also examined. Results: Apraxia was found to be associated with impairments in memory retrieval function, executive dysfunction, and decrease in object naming performance. Significant differences were observed between diagnostic groups in both apraxia assessment and neuropsychological tests. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the cognitive profile that emerges with the combined use of upper extremity apraxia assessment and related neuropsychological tests may serve as a marker and guide in the planning and correct execution of treatment in the transition to Alzheimer-type dementia, similar to other neuropsychological tests.
A randomized controlled trial of the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy-based self-help psychotherapy books on anxiety and depressive symptoms: A bibliotherapy study
(2024) Yaşar, Alişan Burak; Gündoğmuş, İbrahim; Taşdelen, Rümeysa; Taygar, Afra Selma; Uludağ, Esra; Akça, Erdoğdu; Yavuz, Kaasım Fatih; Karaosmanoğlu, Alp; Türkçapar, Mehmet Hakan
Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of self-help psychotherapy books based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches on anxiety and depressive symptoms, with those of a placebo psychology book and a control group receiving only antidepressant treatment. Method: The current study was conducted with 110 patients admitted to the psychiatric outpatient clinic, diagnosed with depressive disorder and anxiety disorder. The study utilized a book each from CBT, Schema Therapy, Cognitive Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and a placebo book. Participants' depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and their anxiety symptoms with the Beck Anxiety Inventory, both before and after the intervention. Results: The median age of participants was 34.71±10.40, and 80% were female. The difference in BDI decrease between books was found to be statistically significant as a result of a mixed design Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Although the difference in depression scores between the books was not statistically significant according to time in post hoc analyses, when all groups with the books were considered, the difference in depression scores was statistically significant compared to the decrease seen in the group that received only antidepressant treatment, according to the planned contrast analysis. When the analysis was repeated, excluding the group receiving antidepressant treatment, similar results were found in the placebo book group. Conclusion: When compared to the placebo book group and the usual treatment group, self-help books written within the framework of CBT approaches are significantly effective in reducing depressive scores in patients diagnosed with depression and anxiety disorder. Further research is needed to observe the long-term effects of these books.
Sensitivity to disgust, but not increased disgust, is associated with disapproval of gays: Experimental evidence from Turkey
(2024) Aktaş, Büşra Eylem; Tosyalı, Furkan
Previous research indicated that exposure to disgusting stimuli often leads to more negative attitudes toward gays. However, these findings primarily stemmed from Western cultures and were inconsistent. It remained uncertain whether the impact of disgust would apply to diverse cultural contexts. This study aimed to fill this gap by investigating whether the influence of disgust, previously observed, extended to an unexplored non-Western setting, Turkey. In Study 1, an online experiment was conducted to explore the connection between disgust and attitudes toward gays. Study 2 aimed to replicate these findings in a laboratory setting and examined the role of political attitudes. Study 1 found no significant link between disgust and disapproval of gays. However, in Study 2, there were significant correlations between political conservatism, disgust sensitivity, and negative attitudes toward gays. Notably, disgust did not significantly affect negativity toward gays in either study. Moreover, while political conservatism would lead to negative attitudes, it did not moderate the relationship between disgust and negativity toward gay individuals in Study 2. Present findings expand the ongoing debate about the causal role of disgust in disapproval of gays, providing original insights into a non-Western cultural context.
How we disenfranchise grief for self and other: An empirical study
(2024) Cesur Soysal, Gizem; Arı, Ela
Disenfranchised grief can be defined as a loss that is not openly acknowledged or a mourning process not recognized socially after a loss. One can also self-disenfranchise as suppressing and not allowing oneself to grieve. The current study aims to examine perceived disenfranchisement, self-disenfranchisement and disenfranchisement of others. For this purpose, three hypothetical unacknowledged loss scenarios, which are pet loss, a romantic relationship break-up and having a psychological disorder, were used to compare self and other disenfranchisement as well as to reveal the relationships to attachment and social support. The findings indicate that the three loss scenarios differ in terms of the acknowledgement of loss, grief and social and professional support for self and others. Subsequently, attachment and social support are significantly related to the evaluations of the disenfranchised grief process. Finally, the implications of the findings are discussed.
Examining the effect of awareness-raising efforts and rape myths on attitudes toward survivors of sexual assault
(PsychOpen, 2023) Avcı, Melike; Arı, Ela
The aim of this study is to measure the effect of rape myths and an awareness raising video on attitudes toward survivors of sexual assault. Participants were exposed to rape myths presented in nontraditional, traditional, and neutral conditions, followed by an awareness video explaining these myths. Attitudes were measured both before and after the video in each scenario condition, with a total of N = 101 participants from Turkey. A 3x2 factorial design was employed, utilizing the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (Payne et al., 1999, https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1998.2238) and Attitudes toward Rape Victim Scale (Ward, 1988, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1988.tb00932.x). The results indicated a positive shift in attitudes following the awareness video, with significant effects observed in the traditional and nontraditional scenario conditions but not in the neutral condition. Positive correlations were found between rape myths and attitudes toward rape victims, suggesting that an increase in rape myths was associated with more negative attitudes toward survivors. Gender differences were not observed in terms of rape myths, but females exhibited a positive change in attitudes after the awareness video, while males did not.
Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeg?i’nin (ETÖ) 7-11 yas? çocuklarının ebeveynleri için geçerlik sınama çalıs?ması
(İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2023) Şendil, Telat Gül; Akyüz, Duygu; Aktaş, Büşra Eylem
Çocukların sosyalleşme alanları değiştikçe anne babaların sergiledikleri tutumların odaklandığı alanlar da değişmektedir. Orta çocukluk dönemi de çocukların fiziksel, bilişsel ve sosyalleşme alanlarında değişimler yaşadığı özel bir gelişimsel süreçtir. Ancak orta çocukluk döneminde ebeveyn tutumlarının daha nadir çalışıldığı görülmektedir. Alanyazında ebeveyn tutumlarını ölçen çeşitli ölçme araçları bulunmaktadır. Orta çocukluk dönemindeki ebeveyn tutumlarını ölçmek üzere ülkemizde kullanılan ölçekler incelendiğinde bu ölçeklerin genellikle demokratik, otoriter ve izin verici boyutları ölçmeye odaklandıkları; giderek artan sayıda çalışmanın konusu olan aşırı koruyucu tutum boyutunu içermedikleri göze çarpmaktadır. Türkçe alanyazında, aşırı koruyucu tutum boyutunu demokratik, otoriter ve izin verici boyutlarıyla birlikte değerlendiren tek ölçeğin erken çocukluk döneminde ebeveynlerin tutumlarını ölçmek üzere geliştirilen Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği (ETÖ) olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, orta çocukluk döneminde çocuğu olan ebeveynlerin tutumlarını ölçmek üzere, ETÖ'nün psikometrik açıdan uygun bir ölçek olup olmadığının değerlendirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Araştırmaya toplam 392 kişi (260 anne, 121 baba, 11 cinsiyet belirtmemiş katılımcı) katılmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda demokratik, otoriter, izin verici ve aşırı koruyucu olmak üzere 42 maddeden oluşan dört boyutlu yapı desteklenmiştir. Boyutlar arası korelasyon analizi sonuçları, demokratik-otoriter ve demokratik-izin verici arasında olumsuz yönde, izin verici-otoriter ve izin verici-aşırı koruyucu arasında olumlu yönde anlamlı ilişki olduğunu göstermiş; aşırı koruyucudemokratik arasında anlamlı ilişki bulunmamıştır. Ölçüm değişmezliği analizini sınamak amacıyla yapılan biçimsel, metrik ve ölçek değişmezliği testleri sonuçları, ölçeğin her iki ebeveyne de uygulanabileceğini göstermiştir. Ölçümün güvenirlik analizleri kapsamında elde edilen Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlık ve test-tekrar test durağanlık katsayıları da güvenirlik düzeyinin istenir düzeyde olduğunu desteklemiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar ETÖ’nün 7-11 yaş arası çocuğu olan ebeveynlere uygulanabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğuna dair kanıtlar sunmuştur.
Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the commitment to quitting smoking scale
(Kare Publishing, 2023) Kılıç Kartar, Sedef; Yavuz, Kaasım Fatih
Objective: The primary aim of this study is to adapt the Commitment to Quitting Smoking Scale (CQSS) to Turkish and to conduct its reliability and validity studies in a Turkish sample.Method: The study involved a total of 314 smokers, comprising 178 (56.7%) women and 136 (43.3%) men, aged between 18 and 65. Statistical analysis included item-total score correlation coefficients, internal consistency coefficient, test-retest reliability, confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-dependent validity, and discriminant validity methods. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the Turkish version of the CQSS maintains the single-factor structure of the original form (chi 2=35.042, chi 2/df=2.061, Root Mean Square Residual (RMR)=0.035, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=0.989, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI)=0.974, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA)=0.058). In convergent validity, significant correlations were observed between the CQSS and other measures like the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief (QSU-Brief). For discriminant validity, the 27% lower and upper groups method was used, revealing significant differences in the CQSS scores between participants in these groups. In reliability analysis, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the CQSS was found to be 0.91. Test-retest reliability analysis showed a correlation coefficient of 0.71 between two measurements.Conclusion: When considering all the findings, it is evident that the CQSS possesses adequate psychometric properties within the sample of the Turkish-speaking population.
Empathy increases warmth toward Syrian and Afghans, but not Ukrainians: Experimental evidence from Türkiye
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Aktaş, Büşra Eylem; Salter, Metin Ege; Yılmaz, Ayşe Nur; Eker, Selin
Previous research has documented that economic concerns might limit the positive impact of empathy in reducing prejudicial attitudes toward refugees in Türkiye. Other research has also shown that religious conservatism might buffer negativity toward refugees. However, there has been no prior research testing whether empathizing with economic hardships would increase positivity toward refugees. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of empathy by leading individuals to adopt the perspective of those experiencing the detrimental effects of resource scarcity among Turkish citizens. Specifically, we examined whether inducing empathy related to resource scarcity would increase the level of warmth felt toward Syrian, Afghan, and Ukrainian refugees, while considering the moderating roles of religiosity and conservatism in this relationship. The present study employed a between-subjects design experiment wherein participants were randomly assigned to either the control group (n = 131) or the experimental group (n = 110). The results showed that participants in the experimental group reported higher levels of warmth toward Syrians and Afghans but not toward Ukrainians when compared to the control group. Moreover, there were significant moderator roles for religiosity and conservatism in the link between induced empathy and warmth toward Syrians. Specifically, the present findings demonstrate that higher levels of religiosity and conservatism positively predict the association between empathy induction and higher levels of warmth toward Syrians but not toward Ukrainians and Afghans. Overall, these results suggest that empathizing with the scarcity of resources might be an effective approach to reducing negative attitudes toward Afghan and Syrian refugees, but it may not have the same impact on Ukrainians in the Turkish cultural context. Furthermore, these findings indicate that higher levels of conservatism and religiosity can contribute to a positive impact of empathy toward Syrians.
Sosyal rollerin otobiyografik bellek üzerindeki etkileri: Arkadaşlık ve öğrencilik anılarının içeriği, işlevleri ve fenomenolojisi
(İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2023) Erbil Hacıömeroğlu, F. Büşra; Mutlutürk, Aysu
Otobiyografik bellek, bireylerin şu andaki amaç ve güdülenmeleri tarafından yönlendirilen, benlikle ilişkili bir bellek sistemi olarak ele alınmaktadır. Benliğin bir parçası olan sosyal roller ise bireyin sosyal konumuna bağlı olarak (örn., öğrenci veya arkadaş) belirli bir bağlamda nasıl davranması gerektiğini belirler. Sosyal rollerin farklı amaçlar ve güdülenmelerle ilgili olabileceği ileri sürülmektedir. Bugüne kadar sosyal rollerin otobiyografik bellek üzerindeki etkileri ile ilgili çok az çalışma yapılmıştır ve bu çalışmalar sadece bellek temalarına odaklanmıştır. Ancak sosyal roller bağlamında hatırlanan otobiyografik anıların işlevlerine, fenomenolojik özelliklerine ve kimlikle olan bağlantılarına yönelik bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, arkadaş ve öğrenci rolleriyle ilişkili otobiyografik anıların içerdikleri hâkim temaları, bellek işlevlerini, fenomenolojik özelliklerini ve kimlikle bağlantılarını incelemektir. Bu amaçla katılımcılardan (n = 106), biri arkadaş rolü diğeri öğrenci rolü ile ilişkili iki anı yazmaları ve her bir anıyı işlevleri, fenomenolojik özellikleri ve anının benliğe merkeziliği bakımından değerlendirmeleri istenmiştir. Bulgular, arkadaş ve öğrenci rolüyle ilişkili anıların temaları, bellek işlevleri ve taşıdıkları duygusal değerlik bakımından birbirinden farklılaştığını ortaya koymuştur. Arkadaş rolüyle ilgili anıların öğrencilik anılarına kıyasla daha yüksek sıklıkta ilişkisel (örn., arkadaşlık, romantik ya da aile ilişkisiyle ilgili) tema barındırdığı, daha olumlu duygularla hatırlandığı, benlik ve sosyal işlevlere daha fazla hizmet ettiği ve bireylerin hayatında daha merkezi olan deneyimleri içerdiği bulunmuştur. Öğrenci rolüyle ilişkili anıların ise daha çok başarı/başarısızlık temasına odaklı olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Öğrencilik rolünde ilişkisel içerikli anılar olsa da bu anılarda otorite (örn., öğretmen) ile kurulan ilişkiler ağır basmaktadır. Bu bulgular, farklı sosyal rollerin ve bu sosyal rollerle ilgili farklı amaç ve güdülenmelerin (örn., içsel ve dışsal güdülenme) insanların otobiyografik anılarını nasıl hatırladıklarını yönlendirebileceğine işaret etmektedir.
Immature event-related alpha dynamics in children compared with the young adults during inhibition shown by day-night stroop task
(Frontiers Media SA, 2023) Güntekin, Bahar; Alptekin, Simay; Yıldırım, Ebru; Aktürk, Tuba; Uzunlar, Hakan; Çalışoğlu, Pervin; Eroğlu Ada, Figen; Atay, Enver; Ceran, Ömer
Introduction: Inhibitory control develops gradually from infancy to childhood and improves further during adolescence as the brain matures. Related previous studies showed the indispensable role of task-related alpha power during inhibition both in children and young adults. Nonetheless, none of the studies have been able to investigate the direct differences in brain responses between children and young adults when confronted with a stimulus that should be inhibited. Because, unlike event-related designs, task-related designs involve continuous tasks over a certain period, which precludes the possibility of making such a comparison. Accordingly, by employing event-related design, the present study first time in the literature, aimed to analyze the event-related alpha phase locking and event-related alpha synchronization/ desynchronization to differentiate the inhibitory processes in children compared to young adults. Methods: Twenty children between the ages of 6 to 7 years and 20 healthy young adult subjects between the ages of 18 to 30 years were included in the study. Day-night Stroop task was applied to all subjects during 18-channel EEG recordings. Event-related time-frequency analysis was performed with the complex Morlet Wavelet Transform for the alpha frequency band (8–13 Hz). Event related spectral perturbation (ERSP) in three different time windows (0–200 ms, 200–400 ms, 400–600 ms) and Event-related phase locking in the early time window (0–400 ms) was calculated. Results: The children had increased alpha power in early and late time windows but decreased alpha phase locking in the early time windows compared to young adults. There were also topological differences between groups; while young adults had increased alpha phase-locking in frontal and parietal electrode sites, children had increased occipital alpha power and phase locking. Discussion: The shift in event-related alpha power observed from posterior to anterior regions with age may suggest a progressive maturation of the frontal areas involved in inhibitory processes from childhood to adulthood. The results of the present study showed that children and young adults had different EEG oscillatory dynamics during inhibitory processes at alpha frequency range.

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