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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12511/4375

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Commercialisation of artificial intelligence: a research on entrepreneurial companies with challenges and opportunities
(2025) Güner Gültekin, Duygu; Pınarbaşı, Fatih; Yazıcı, Merve; Adıgüzel, Zafer
Purpose: The research paper’s purpose is to contribute to the literature by analysing the essential resources and processes required for successful commercialisation, the contemporary challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence initiatives in Türkiye, and the diverse models and methods employed by these initiatives. Design/methodology/approach: Within the scope of the research, interviews were conducted with 10 entrepreneurs who established artificial intelligence-oriented enterprises in technoparks in Istanbul and Antalya. All 10 interviews were analysed using the MAXQDA20 software tool. Structured qualitative content analysis was used for the data analysis procedure. Findings: Based on the research, external factors have a significant impact on the future growth opportunities of the market. Expanding the client base, gaining international recognition, and securing financing are crucial for success. However, the findings reveal challenges in the relatively young local ecosystem. One major criticism is the lack of support in marketing and sales activities for refined products. To address this, providing financial incentives and knowledge transfer to those in need is vital. Research limitations/implications: Since the research was conducted only with entrepreneurs who established and successfully commercialised artificial intelligence-oriented enterprises, it is recommended that future studies be performed with a widespread sample group, considering this limited situation. Furthermore, to overcome survivorship bias, it is recommended that posterior studies include failed commercialisation attempts in AI ventures. Practical implications: It can be argued that there is no deliberate approach or model for commercialization. Entrepreneurs often draw from their own prior experiences or observe industry trends. Given the limited financial resources available in the domestic market and the challenge of attracting foreign investors to Turkish brands, entrepreneurs tend to rely on internal approaches for commercialisation. Originality/value: This research delves into the commercialisation prospects and obstacles encountered by AI start-ups in Türkiye. It comprises qualitative insights into business models, commercialisation approaches, opportunities, and challenges. The data were obtained from interviews with entrepreneurs operating in the industry.
A cross-cultural analysis of spiritual transcendence and its impact on job satisfaction, job security, and life satisfaction in Bali and Türkiye: mediator effect of earthquake anxiety
(2024) Subawa, Nyoman Sri; Baykal, Elif; Basmantra, Ida Nyoman; Mimaki, Caren Angellina; Yorulmaz, Halil
Earthquakes are considered as a major factor causing PTSD, anxiety, and depression across various age groups. Increased anxiety stemming from earthquakes may prompt individuals to turn to spirituality as a coping mechanism, with spiritual transcendence believed to be an effective way to mitigate anxiety. In this study, Bali, which has a Far Eastern spiritual tradition, and Türkiye, the majority of whose population is Muslim, are discussed comparatively. In fact, the underlying reason for this choice is to examine whether there is a difference between Hindu belief, one of the Far Eastern religions as a spiritual tradition, and Islam, one of the monotheistic religions, regarding individuals’ ability to manage anxiety and some basic psychological reactions to the fear of earthquakes. An example of Bali’s Hindu tradition has been considered a representation of the Islamic tradition, one of the monotheistic religions in Türkiye. Given this phenomenon, the study took a quantitative approach, giving a novel conceptual framework for understanding the relationship between spiritual transcendence, seismic fear, job satisfaction, job security, life satisfaction, and the moderating influence of optimism. Empirical data were acquired via surveys issued via Google Form to a total of 913 workers in Bali and Türkiye. The research data were analyzed using SmartPLS software and a structural equation modeling technique. Findings indicate that earthquake anxiety and the impact of spiritual transcendence on satisfaction and job security are stronger in Bali than in Türkiye. Additionally, spirituality holds greater significance for the Balinese sample compared to the Turkish sample. The study clarifies the implications of its findings and provides guidance for future research endeavors.
Turkish textile and clothing SMEs: Importance of organizational learning, digitalization, and internationalization
(2024) Divrik, Bahar; Baykal, Elif
The Turkish textile and clothing (TTC) industries, which are mainly made of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), are the main source of export for the Turkish economy since the end of 1980s. The introduction of digital technologies has changed the competition for the TTC industries and this change has been accelerated after the covid-19 pandemic. Digitalization of SMEs is accepted as a social and technical process in which organizational learning is the main actor and therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the relation between organizational learning, digitalization, and internationalization for TTC industries. A parallel-results convergent mixed method approach in which qualitative and quantitave analysis are performed seperately and integrated later is applied in this research. The data of the research were collected by semi-structured interviews and survey questionnaires, which are analyzed in MAXQDA and analysis of moment structures.
Finding a new prince for management science: The antithesis to the machiavellian prince
(Turkish Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics Association, 2023) Khan, Khurram Ellahi; Bhatti, Omar Khalid
Machiavelli's The Prince has been cherished for more than 500 years, withits various facets used by schol-ars and researchers of management sciences. But with the dawn of positive organizational scholarship, the Machia-vellian prince with his dark aspects does not appear compatible. Hence, the emerging field, resting more on humans' positive side, is also in need of an idol the way Machiavelli's The Prince has been idolized through the traditional views of management and business. As a result, the current study has reviewed Prince Myshkin, the protagonist in Dostoevsky's The Idiot as the alternative and antagonist to Machiavelli's style. Hence the current study identifies the possible ethical implications in human resource management which can be guided through the character of Prince Myshkin. The study also analyzes how two different princes (i.e.,Prince Myshkin and Machiavelli's prince) guide managers under similar situations, thus guiding managers to deal in contemporary tones with the way of the new prince (i.e., Prince Myshkin).
Exploring the hidden potential of Bali's wellness tourism: Which factors encourage tourists to visit?
(Taylor & Francis As, 2023) Subawa, Nyoman Sri; Mimaki, Emi Angellina; Mimaki, Caren Angellina; Baykal, Elif; Utami, Made Srinitha Millinia
The current research proposes a modified and extended Theory of Planned Behavior model by adding three crucial determinants in tourism management, namely wellness motivation, pull-factor motivation, and tourist value, to predict tourist behavior towards wellness tourism destinations in Bali. Empirical data was obtained via online surveys. A purposive sampling technique was implemented, with a total of 323 domestic tourist respondents which were collected and analyzed in this research. Data was analyzed using a structural equation model (PLS-SEM). The findings revealed that wellness motivation, pull-factor motivation, and tourist value were significant determinants for predicting tourists' intentions to visit wellness tourism destinations. Moreover, tourists' attitudes are significantly influenced by pull motivation and tourist value. The results also showed that subjective norms and perceived behavioral control failed to predict tourists' visit intentions. Implications and suggestions for future research are explained.
Employee involvement in sustainability projects in emergent markets: Evidence from Turkey
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023) Baykal, Elif; Divrik, Bahar
Without a doubt, encouraging the behavior of employees in relation to sustainability is one of the most effective tactics that organizations can use to attain their sustainability goals. It is critical that employees take part in sustainability projects in order for organizations to be successful. In this study, we assumed that organizations supported by responsible employees will be more likely to engage in sustainability-driven projects that affect their long-term viability and the interests of their stakeholders, and that green human resources management will be an encouraging factor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the involvement of employees in sustainability-driven projects within organizations, as well as the potential influence of such involvement on the performance of projects in emerging economies such as Turkey, where individual sensitivity to sustainability is lacking. With this goal in mind, we conducted a qualitative investigation on ten different employees from various corporate enterprises who were authorized to participate in sustainability-driven projects in their workplaces. Our results revealed that in the Turkish business environment, employees have still not reached the required level of maturity regarding sustainability issues in order to be initiators of sustainability projects. This study is the first to investigate the role of employees in sustainability-driven projects within the Turkish market.
Boosting life satisfaction through psychological capital in the presence of job security: A case study of Turkey
(MDPI, 2023) Baykal, Elif; Bayraktar, Osman; Divrik, Bahar; Aşçı, Mehmet Saim; Öz, Sabri
The COVID-19 pandemic brought about drastic changes all across the world, causing the loss of thousands of lives and negatively affecting many industries, owing to the health measures taken by authorities in this period. The difficulties engendered by the pandemic have led to excessive anxiety and made people vulnerable to psychological problems. Moreover, many people have lost their jobs or experienced anxiety of losing their jobs. Turkish business is one of the prominent markets that have been severely affected by the pandemic. Thus, we considered it crucial to examine how life satisfaction levels of individuals working in the Turkish business sector can be increased through psychological capital. We also aimed to test whether a sense of job security has a mediator effect in the relationship between life satisfaction and psychological capital. In order to test the assumed relationship, we collected data from Turkish professionals working in the Marmara region. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS AMOS and the results revealed that psychological capital has a positive effect on life satisfaction levels of individuals. Moreover, our study is novel in that it revealed the mediator role of job security in the relationship between psychological capital and life satisfaction.
Effects of teleworking and strategic orientations on resilience in the post-pandemic period
(ADAMOR, 2023) Yorulmaz, Halil; Baykal, Elif; Eti, Serkan
This study investigates the effects of the strategic orientations of SMEs, which are in the group most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic process, which exemplifies volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA) conditions, on their organizational resilience, and the differentiation of SMEs organizational resilience according to the teleworking style they prefer. The research model and hypotheses were examined by using the Structural Equation Modeling technique on the data collected by the survey method by interviewing 500 SME owners/partners/senior executives operating in the service sector in Turkey. In addition, teleworking methods were compared with post-hoc tests. As the results, technology, market, learning, and entrepreneurial orientations affect organizational resilience positively and significantly. Technology orientation plays an important role for companies to have telework skills in order to ensure business continuity and to increase their organizational resilience. It was determined that organizational resilience in SMEs differed according to the type of telework. The systematic and regular types of telework adopted by firms provide higher organizational resilience than those applied in exceptional and temporary situations. And companies with different strategic orientations combinations will likely have higher organizational resilience. With its perspective and findings, this research both contributes to the relevant literature and is an eye-opener for practitioners.
An investigation into the occupational perceptions of healthcare professionals: The Covid-19 Pandemic
(Ideal City Publications, 2023) Gülen Ertosun, Öznur
Psychological needs, uncomfortable when not met, are explained by our expectations of achievement, relationship, autonomy, and dominance. Since work life is an important determinant in meeting directly (or indirectly) the tangible and intangible needs of individuals, work-related experiences are very effective in individuals' occupational perceptions. Also, occupational preferences are based on reasons: conscious selection, environmental pressure, financial security, prestige and social benefit. In order to test this connection (and the sources of the differences), the pandemic period constitutes the justification for the sample design of the study, especially as it includes challenging working conditions for healthcare professionals. Accordingly, the main purpose of the study is to discuss the relationship between the occupational preferences of healthcare professions and their psychological needs, with the determinant of their specific working conditions. Mixed (pluralist) research method is used in the design of the study. While the perceptions of the respondents about the working conditions are determined through the socio-demographic information form and open-ended questions, the occupational preferences inventory and the new psychological needs assessment scale are used to evaluate the occupational perceptions of healthcare professions. The study sample consists of a total of 378 respondents selected from doctors, pharmacists, and nurses. The study points to important findings regarding the connection between the occupational preferences of health professionals and their psychological needs. In addition, occupational groups (doctor, pharmacist, nurse) differ from each other in terms of occupational preferences and working conditions.
Influence of responsible leadership on inclusive organizations: A mixed- method study
(Canadian Institute for Knowledge Development (CIKD), 2023) Bhatti, Omar Khalid; İrfan, Muhammad; Öztürk, Ali Osman
The ever-increasing diversity in organizations demands deliberate efforts to include the members in organizational activities. Responsible leadership, a blend of corporate social responsibility, ethics, and leadership, can generate willing cooperation and an urge to fully participate, which is pivotal to the success of the inclusive organization. This study explores the influence of responsible leadership on inclusive organization and uncovers its domains and pathways. Sequential mixed methods design has been adopted using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative data comprise 25 semi-structured in-depth interviews, and quantitative data 800 responses on questionnaires, collected from eight organizations, four each from the manufacturing and services sectors. It has been found that responsible leadership significantly influences the inclusive organization. The influence is exerted in social and ethical domains and follows five different pathways within each domain. It is also concluded that a responsible leadership style is better suited for inclusive organizations.
Sağlık çalışanlarının bilgi teknolojileri ve yeniliklerine ilişkin davranışsal tutumunun utaut-2 teorisiyle incelenmesi
(2021) Yıldız, Yiğit Kerem; Dinçer, Hasan
Sağlık hizmetlerinin daha kaliteli sunulması gibi amaçların karşılanabilmesi için sağlık çalışanlarının bilgi teknolojilerine yönelik tutumları değerlendirilmelidir. Bu değerlendirmeler, sağlık çalışanlarının sağlıkta belirlenen amaçların gerçekleştirilebilmesine ve gelecekte yapılabilecek muhtemel yeniliklere hazır olmalarına yardımcı olacaktır. Çalışmanın amacı, sağlık çalışanlarının bilgi teknolojileri ve yeniliklerine ilişkin davranışsal tutumlarını UTAUT-2 Teorisi ile incelemektir. Bu çalışma, çeşitli teknolojilere yönelik davranışsal tutumların incelenmesinde sıklıkla kullanılan UTAUT-2 ile elde edilen sonuçların yanı sıra bilgi teknolojilerine yönelik yapılabilecek yeniliklere ilişkin tutumu da değerlendirerek literatüre bir yenilik getirmektedir. Araştırmada, Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli kurularak gerekli istatistiksel analizler yapılmıştır. Yapılan incelemeler neticesinde, performans beklentisi (?=0,37, p<0,01) ve alışkanlığın (?=0,75, p<0,001) sağlık çalışanlarının bilgi teknolojileri ve yeniliklerine ilişkin davranışsal tutumları üzerinde anlamlı ve olumlu bir etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur. Çaba beklentisinin (?=-0,25, p<0,05), hedonik motivasyonun (?=-0,13, p<0,05) sağlık çalışanlarının bilgi teknolojileri ve yeniliklerine ilişkin davranışsal tutumları üzerinde anlamlı etkisi bulunmasına rağmen bu etkinin negatif yönlü olduğu bulunmuştur. Sosyal etkinin (?=0,05, p>0,05), kolaylaştırıcı koşulların (?=0,00, p>0,05), algılanan fiyat değerinin (?=0,09, p>0,05) sağlık çalışanlarının bilgi teknolojileri ve yeniliklerine ilişkin davranışsal tutumları üzerinde anlamlı ve olumlu bir etkisinin olmadığı bulunmuştur. Gelecekte, sağlık çalışanlarının teknolojilere yönelik tutumlarının değerlendirilmesinin yaygınlaşacağı beklenilmektedir.
Examining psychological empowerment and participative leadership effects on employees and organizations
(International Balkan University, 2021) Adıgüzel, Zafer; Bhatti, Omar Khalid; Küçükoğlu, İrem; Faisal, Rimsha
Regardless of the sector, companies need to be effective in their organizational structures and support the innovative behavior of their employees in order to ensure their sustainability in a constantly changing and developing competitive environment. The success of companies in innovative activities depends on the innovative behavior of the employees. For this reason, employees should be psychologically strong and at the same time share their thoughts and ideas in a participatory environment. Therefore, companies within the organizational structure should be able to use their human resources well because one of the criteria of being successful in competition depends on the ability to offer innovative products/services different from their competitors in the market where they are located. The human resources department is one of the most important factors in differentiating organizations. In order to benefit from human resources in the most efficient way and to ensure their motivation, it is necessary to psychologically strengthen the employees and ensure their participation within an organization. The aim of the study is to analyze the reactions of white-collar employees who work in food companies that have to make continuous production in order to meet the food needs of people, all while working against the leadership’s attitude in the busy pace of work. Within the scope of the research, surveys were collected from 365 personnel working in food companies in Istanbul operating in the production sector in 2019. Analyzes were made by using IBM SPSS 25 and AMOS. Correlation analysis, regression analysis, Sobel test, and Hayes process were performed respectively in order to examine variables and test hypotheses in the research model. As a result of the research, it was concluded that both psychological empowerment and participative leadership positively affect innovative behavior and organizational effectiveness.
Examining the effect of ethical work environment and leadership styles on employees' career satisfaction in organizations
(International Balkan University, 2021) Adıgüzel, Zafer; Bhatti, Omar Khalid; Öztürk, Senanur
Human resources policies continue as a concept that constantly renews and improves itself. Training and personal development opportunities are provided both to increase the performance of employees as a result of the competitive environment and the expectation that the performance criteria (a determiner of the motivation of employees) is realized. When employee satisfaction starts to decrease in organizations, the intention to leave in organizations starts to increase. In terms of human resources policies, these development opportunities are aimed at keeping challenges to a minimum. And, as a result, the performance of the companies increases based on the leadership roles of the senior managers, in addition to the human resources policies implemented. The leadership style and human resources policies of the managers shape the future of the organization. As a result of the research, we better understand how important leadership and a desirable working environment is for organizations. Thanks to the studies conducted in these areas, it is important that senior managers set an example for the decisions they make and contribute to shaping their leadership roles. In this context, we aim to examine the career satisfaction levels of white-collar employees working in the furniture industry against their leadership styles in an ethical working environment. The data obtained from the research were collected from the furniture producing companies in the marmara region where 388 white-collar employees were surveyed in 2019. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 25 and AMOS programs. Firstly, factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed for the validity of the scales representing the variables. Correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationships between variables and regression analysis was used to test hypotheses. The Sobel test was used to analyze the mediation effect. As a result of the research and as stated by the analysis, the change of leader members and transparent leadership have positive effects, but visionary leadership has no positive effect.
Investigating the non-work antecedents of workplace deviance
(Taylor and Francis AS, 2023) Farooq, Waqas; Bhatti, Omar Khalid; Ishaq, Rabeea; Kashif, Sadaf
Deviance in the workplace, which has a huge destructive and harmful impact on the organization, is of key concern to academicians and practitioners. Existing literature focuses on the work-related antecedents of workplace deviance. However, the non-work-related antecedents have received little attention. Hence, the present research attempts to understand, the non-work antecedents that aggravate deviant behavior among employees at a workplace. The Gioia qualitative research approach was used to understand, examine, analyze, and interpret the views of respondents. A semi-structured interviewing technique was adopted. The respondents were encouraged to share their own experiences, thoughts, and understanding regarding the phenomenon. A sample of 25 experienced respondents from public and private organisations in Pakistan were interviewed. The results indicate that commuting factors (road hindrances, conflict behaviors, traffic discipline, and over-speeding), social factors (family-work conflict, and disturbed social relations), and an individual's lifestyle (attitude, physical inactivity, and sleep deprivation) are the contributing factors pertaining to the non-work antecedents of workplace deviance. The current study contributes to the literature by focusing on the non-work antecedents of workplace deviance.
A qualitative study about internationalization of Turkish textile & clothing industries
(Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 2022) Divrik, Bahar; Baykal, Elif
The national textile and clothing industries do not operate in isolation anymore; they are significant parts of one global sector which serve to the whole world. The Turkish textile and clothing industries are mainly export oriented and like other developing industries, they have an important role in the internationalization of the Turkish economy with their contribution to GDP, trade and employment. This article reviews the major developments that shaped the internationalization process of Turkish textile & clothing industries. Findings from semi-structured case studies with 14 Turkish textile and clothing industries tries to highlight the changes occurring currently in the industries. The qualitative data obtained from our research gives deep and detailed understanding of the Turkish textile and clothing industries.
Reassessing leadership traits: An Islamic perspective
(IGIAD - Turkish Entrepreneurship & Business Ethics Assoc, 2019) Bhatti, Omar Khalid; Farooq, Waqas; Öztürk, Ali Osman
The phenomena of leadership has long been cited and discussed in business and management literature. Discourse on effective leadership qualities is popular in management circles. Interestingly, traditional literature on leadership has presented rather diverse results. And recent developments in the field of leadership and management reveal a growing interest in religion and spirituality. The present study attempts to understand leadership and submit a comprehensive framework exploring leadership traits from an Islamic viewpoint. A sample of 16 respondents was selected, most of whom had extensive knowledge and experience in leadership and management. They belonged to diverse industries such as manufacturing, construction, telecommunications, banking and education. The study found that Islamic Leadership is based around the notion of stewardship of Allah's creation. An Islamic leader must be a role model with exemplary personality, attitude, character and competence. And only those individuals may be selected as leaders who have piety (Taqwa) and goodness. The study also presented that Taqwa, Consultation and Intellectual competence are the key traits for a Muslim leader. In addition, Taqwa encompasses Islamic Spirituality and Islamic Social responsibly. The sub-constructs of Taqwa include; belief (Iman), worship (Ibadat) and repentance (Tawbah), patience, emotional control, forgiveness, the establishment of zakah and giving sadakah, fulfillment of contracts, justice and integrity. Together, these traits frame the overall description of Islamic leadership.
İş amaçlı akıllı telefon kullanımı ve iş - ev hayatı dengesi ilişkisi: İşkolikleşmenin aracı değişken etkisi
(2019) Koçak, Ömer Erdem; Erebak, Serkan
İş ve ailenin her ikisi de çoğu yetişkin insanın yaşamında önemli bir role sahiptir. İş saatleri sonrası aşırı düzeyde iş amaçlı akıllı telefon kullanımı iki tarafın da taleplerini karşılayabilmeyi zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bireylerin iş amaçlı akıllı telefon kullanmasıyla işlerinin ev hayatlarını engellemesi sürecinde işkolik davranışların nasıl bir etkiye sahip olduğu araştırılmaktadır. Örneklem, kartopu örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak, iş için akıllı telefon sağlayan şirketlerde çalışmakta olan 224 kişiden oluşmuştur. Araştırma modelini test etmek amacıyla yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (YEM) kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, işkolikliğin akıllı telefon kullanımının işin ev hayatına müdahalesine etkisinde aracılık rolü oynadığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sonuca göre çalışanların iş saatleri sonrasında akıllı telefonlarını iş amaçlı kullanımlarının zararlı sonuçları olabileceği görülmüştür. Kurumlara iş saatleri sonrasında iş amaçlı iletişim kurma konusunda yeni düzenlemeler önerilmektedir.
Explaining employee voice behavior through intragroup relationship quality and the role of thriving at work
(Ankara Düşünce ve Araştırma Merkezi İktisadi İşletmesi, 2019) Koçak, Ömer Erdem; Agun, Hazel
In this study, we propose an underlying mechanism that provides a link between high-quality relationships as a group-level concept and employee voice as individual behavior. After an extent literature scanning, we employed the concept of thriving since it comprehends both hedonic and eudemonic well-being as well as his roots in social dynamics. To test this mediation link, we conducted an online survey with 462 participants and used structural equation modeling with the bootstrapping method to reveal whether thriving at work mediates the relationship. The results show that the data fit the model well, and the significant indirect effect exists, which confirms the full mediator role of thriving at work. This study has value as it shows what extent social environment impacts individual states and behaviors.
Sosyal medyada ebeveynlerin dijital yerlilere yönelik içerik paylaşımlarının dijital kimlik inşasındaki rolü
(Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2022) Esgin, Yeşim; Gezmen, Başak; Özsürünç, Recep
Dijital dünyada ebeveynlerin çocuklarına yönelik mahremiyet ihlaline yol açan sosyal medya paylaşımlarına sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. Bu durumun dijital sahnede kimlik inşa sürecinde etkili olduğu ve çocuklar üzerinde memnuniyetsizlik yarattığı gözlemlenmektedir. Çalışmamızda sosyal medyada ebeveynlerin 18-21 yaş grubuna, dijital yerlilere yönelik içerik paylaşımlarının dijital kimlik inşasındaki rolü incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre; kadınların ebeveynleri tarafından kendileri ile ilgili sosyal medyada içerik paylaşılmadan önce izin alınmasını istedikleri ve paylaşımdan memnun olmadıkları takdirde kaldırılmasını talep ettikleri görülmektedir. Katılımcıların ebeveynleri tarafından kendileri ile ilgili içerik paylaşım sayısı arttıkça memnun olma durumlarının da azaldığı görülmüştür. Öte yandan katılımcıların ebeveynleri tarafından kendilerine yönelik eğitim-öğretim hayatları ile ilgili paylaşımlarından memnuniyetsiz oldukları ve bunu mahremiyet ihlali olarak gördükleri ortaya konmuştur. Yazılı bilgi içerik, fotoğraf ve video paylaşımıyla ilgili olarak ise, katılımcıların en çok video paylaşımından rahatsız oldukları görülmüştür. Çalışma bulgularına göre; katılımcıların ebeveynlerinin kendileriyle ilgili olarak daha çok sosyal motivasyon ve ebeveyn tavsiyesi motivasyonu için paylaşım yaptıklarını düşünmektedir. Bu bağlamda; çocuğun/bireyin benlik saygısının, kişisel bilgileri üzerindeki kontrol hakkının, kişiliğinin dijital dünyadaki temsiliyetinin ve bütünlüğünün korunması adına ebeveynlerin dijital yerlilere yönelik sosyal medyada içerik paylaşımlarında hassasiyet göstermelerinin bir zorunluluk haline geldiği görülmektedir.
Unfolding visual characteristics of social media communication: Reflections of smart tourism destinations
(Emerald Group Holdings Ltd., 2022) Adamış, Emel; Pınarbaşı, Fatih
Purpose This study aims to explore the visual social media (SM) (Instagram) communication and the visual characteristics of smart tourism destination (STD) communication from destination marketing/management organizations (DMOs) and user-generated content (UGC) perspectives, which refer to projected image and perceived image, respectively. Design/methodology/approach Three DMO official accounts of STDs (Helsinki, Gothenburg and Lyon) and corresponding official hashtags were selected for the sample and total 6,000 post data (1,000 x 6) were retrieved from Instagram. Visual communication content was examined with a netnographic design over a proposed four-level visual content framework using corresponding methodological approaches (thematic analysis, visual analysis, object detection and text mining) for each level. Findings Among the eight emerging themes dominating the images, communication of smart elements conveys far less than expected textual and visual signals from DMOs despite their smart status, and in turn, from UGC as well. UGC revealed three extra image themes regardless of smartness perception. DMOs tend to project and give voice to their standard metropolitan areas and neighborhoods while UGCs focus on food-related and emotional elements. The findings show a partial overlap between DMOs and UGCs, revealing discrepancies in objects contained in visuals, hashtags and emojis. Additionally, as a rare attempt, the proposed framework for visual content analysis showed the importance of integrated methods to investigate visual content effectively. Research limitations/implications The number of attributes in visual analysis and focusing on the observed elements in text content (text, hashtags and emojis) are the limitations of the study in terms of methodology. Originality/value Apart from the multiple integrated methods used over a netnographic design, this study differs from existing SM and smart destinations intersection literature by attempting to fill a gap in focusing on and exploring visual SM communication, which is scarce in tourism context, for the contents generated by DMOs and users.

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