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Öğe An overview of mobility awareness with mobile edge computing over 6G network: Challenges and future research directions(2024) Loutfi, Soule Issa; Shayea, Ibraheem; Türeli, Ufuk; El Saleh, Ayman A.; Tashan, WaheebThe evolution of science has given rise to many technologies that have changed the world. The upcoming Six-Generation (6G) mobile network indicates a fundamental transformation in wireless technologies, enhancing connectivity and data transmission rates. In this circumstance, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is a paradigm technology that emerges as a key major supporter of enhancing mobility awareness. Edge computing offers improved efficiency for service migration from the edge node to the user. However, mobility management in MEC is a complex challenge as seamless handovers between edge nodes must be efficiently executed to ensure uninterrupted service for mobile devices, demanding intricate coordination and low-latency decision-making. To the best of the author's knowledge, there has been no comprehensive work on the most recent developments in mobility awareness using mobile edge computing in 6G. However, this paper aims to present a general overview of the intersection between mobility awareness and MEC over 6G networks. The general concept of MEC in 6G mobile networks is comprehensively introduced. This will highlight the integration between MEC and 6G for bringing more efficient network and service migration to the edge, reducing latency, and enhancing the user experience. Meanwhile, this survey discusses augmented reality with MEC applications. This survey discusses the integration of mobility awareness and mobile edge computing in upcoming mobile applications and emphasizes the need for 6G networks. This integration results in providing seamless communication during handovers between the serving base station and the target base station. This study contributes to understanding the upcoming trends that will enable the operation of mobility awareness and MEC operation in the 6G mobile communication. Furthermore, we delve into a comprehensive overview of the challenges and future research directions for mobility management with MEC in 6G mobile networks, underlining the complexities and potentials of integrating mobility awareness and mobile edge computing.Öğe Public safety network design for broadband wireless access(Frontiers Media SA, 2023) Sümer, Ahmet Sacid; Yılmaz, Talha; Memişoğlu, Ebubekir; Akkurt, Arif; Arslan, HüseyinPublic protection and disaster relief (PPDR) agencies rely on wireless communications to respond in the event of emergencies. Public safety networks (PSNs) provide the wireless network used by emergency services. PSN is used to support push-to-talk services with some data transmission by employing land mobile radios. However, PPDR agencies are increasingly relying on additional information such as videos that require higher bandwidths. Therefore, many countries are transitioning or integrating their public safety networks with advanced broadband wireless communication systems such as fourth-generation (4G) long-term evolution (LTE) and planning to evolve to fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR) in the future. The paper investigates infrastructure sharing mechanisms and deployment strategies in the transition of PSNs to a 4G LTE network, including a roadmap for cost analysis. Additionally, the paper examines LTE-based PSN deployment scenarios in various countries and engages in a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of different sharing mechanisms and coexistence schemes. Finally, the challenges within the Public Safety Broadband Network (PSBN) are addressed and potential future research directions in this domain are deliberated.Öğe A survey of symbiotic radio: Methodologies, applications, and future directions(MDPI, 2023) Janjua, Muhammad Bilal; Arslan, HüseyinThe sixth generation (6G) wireless technology aims to achieve global connectivity with environmentally sustainable networks to improve the overall quality of life. The driving force behind these networks is the rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT), which has led to a proliferation of wireless applications across various domains through the massive deployment of IoT devices. The major challenge is to support these devices with limited radio spectrum and energy-efficient communication. Symbiotic radio (SRad) technology is a promising solution that enables cooperative resource-sharing among radio systems through symbiotic relationships. By fostering mutualistic and competitive resource sharing, SRad technology enables the achievement of both common and individual objectives among the different systems. It is a cutting-edge approach that allows for the creation of new paradigms and efficient resource sharing and management. In this article, we present a detailed survey of SRad with the goal of offering valuable insights for future research and applications. To achieve this, we delve into the fundamental concepts of SRad technology, including radio symbiosis and its symbiotic relationships for coexistence and resource sharing among radio systems. We then review the state-of-the-art methodologies in-depth and introduce potential applications. Finally, we identify and discuss the open challenges and future research directions in this field.Öğe Lightweight and low-cost deployable origami antennas-a review(IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Shah, Syed Imran Hussain; Bashir, Shahid; Ashfaq, Mubashir; Altaf, Ahsan; Rmili, HatemThe art of paper folding also known as Origami plays an important role in various research areas of different scientific fields. Origami structures possess many useful characteristics such as reconfigurability, flexibility, deployability, compactness, and multi-functionality. These attributes are inevitable for modern communication systems. Additionally, they provide antenna engineers an extra degree of freedom while blueprinting next-generation designs. One of the desirable features of origami is its folding capability. Using this property, it can be transformed into a two-Dimensional (2D) sheet from a three-Dimensional (3D) structure and vice versa through external stimulus. In recent years, researchers have proposed numerous smart materials to optimize folding behavior. These smart materials extend the functionality of origami technology for designing self-folding structures required in space systems, small scale devices, and self-assembly systems. Origami structures feature many useful characteristics pertinent to modern day design challenges of communication systems such as reconfiguration, flexibility, compactness, and multifunctionality. In this work, a state of the art review is presented on conceptualization, design challenges, and fabrication of light-weight and low-cost deployable origami antennas. Furthermore, to provide critical insights deployment challenges and possible solutions are also provided. It is believed that this work will not only help peers to understand the basic working principles of different origami structures but will also lay the foundation for future research in the evolving field of origami-based antennas. Moreover, the design methodology proposed in this paper will also provide pragmatic solutions for origami antennas suitable for the harsh and rigid environments.Öğe Focused ultrasound and NXY-059 in experimental cerebral ischemia: A new therapeutic opportunity?(Bentham Science Publishers, 2016) Yuluğ, Burak; Hanoğlu, Lütfü; Yamaner, Feysel Yalçın; Kılıç, Ertuğrul; Schabitz, Wolf Rudigertroke is the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many deleterious cellular pathways have been proposed to explain the molecular pathogenesis of this clinically devastating disease [1, 2]. The pathophysiology of stroke is complex and involves not only calcium and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity but also various inflammatory pathways, disturbance of ionic balance, increased production of free radicals and neuronal cell apoptosis [3-5]. Besides its critical role for ion homeostasis in the central nervous system, disturbance of BBB integrity plays a significant role in stroke pathogenesis [6-8]. In this respect, recent studies have established that loss of BBB integrity and secondary loss of ion regulation may lead to brain edema and subsequent brain damage after cerebral ischemia [7, 9, 10]. This suggests that stabilization of the BBB could be brain protective, although recent studies failed to confirm this [11-13]. Moreover, data show that cerebral ischemia-induced BBB disruption is increased by 24 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion [14], thus providing only a short window for transport of macromolecular drugs into the infarcted brain [14, 15]. This therapeutic time-frame effectively limits treatment efficacy due to an inability to achieve a sufficiently high dose of drug in the target brain area [15]. Therapeutic agents are often difficult to administer to the brain due to BBB prevention of passage for systemically administered molecules and proteins [16-18]. Because of this pharmacological therapies have made limited progress, and much effort is now being directed to identify compounds that accumulate more efficaciously in the diseased brain.Öğe On physical-layer concepts and metrics in secure signal transmission(Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Güvenkaya, Ertuğrul; Hamamreh, Jehad M.; Arslan, HüseyinCommunication secrecy in the wireless systems has unique challenges due to broadcasting nature of the radio waves, as compared to its wire-line counterpart. At the same time, different and independent perceptions of the transmitted signal by the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper provide new opportunities for secure communication. The distinctness in the physical propagation environment, e.g., in received power, wireless channel, and location of the legitimate and illegitimate nodes, when coupled with random and unique signatures, can be exploited for secure communication without using secret keys. In this paper, fundamental stages as well as requirements of the physical layer (PHY) security in information transmission are reviewed from a novel perspective. Then, main performance metrics in secure communication are surveyed including from information theoretic measures to practical considerations along with associated generalizations. The presented comprehensive viewpoint of PHY security stages and metrics is helpful to better understand the techniques exploiting the physics to secure the information in the lowest layer of the communication system.
