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Öğe Antisperm antibody testing: A comprehensive review of its role in the management of immunological male infertility and results of a global survey of clinical practices(Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology, 2022) Gupta, Sajal; Sharma, Rakesh; Agarwal, Ashok; Boitrelle, Florence; Finelli, Renata; Farkouh, Ala’a; Saleh, Ramadan; Abdel Meguid, Taha Abo Almagd; Gül, Murat; Zilaitiene, Birute; Ko, Edmund; Rambhatla, Amarnath; Zini, Armand; Leisegang, Kristian; Kuroda, Shinnosuke; Henkel, Ralf; Cannarella, Rossella; Palani, Ayad; Cho, Chak Lam; Ho, Christopher C.K.; Zylbersztejn, Daniel Suslik; Pescatori, Edoardo; Chung, Eric; Dimitriadis, Fotios; Pinggera, Germar Michael; Busetto, Gian Maria; Balercia, Giancarlo; Salvio, Gianmaria; Colpi, Giovanni M.; Çeker, Gökhan; Taniguchi, Hisanori; Kandil, Hussein; Park, Hyun Jun; Rosas, Israel Maldonado; Rosette, Jean de la; Greco Cardoso, Joao Paulo; Ramsay, Jonathan; Alvarez, Juan; Corral Molina, Juan Manuel; Khalafalla, Kareim; Bowa, Kasonde; Tremellen, Kelton; Evgeni, Evangelini; Rocco, Lucia; Rodriguez Peña, Marcelo Gabriel; Sabbaghian, Marjan; Martinez, Marlon; Arafa, Mohamed; Al-Marhoon, Mohamed S.; Tadros, Nicholas; Garrido, Nicolas; Rajmil, Osvaldo; Sengupta, Pallav; Vogiatzi, Paraskevi; Kavoussi, Parviz; Birowo, Ponco; Kosgi, Raghavender; Bani Hani, Saleem; Micic, Sava; Parekattil, Sijo; Jindal, Sunil; Le, Tan V.; Mostafa, Taymour; Toprak, Tuncay; Morimoto, Yoshiharu; Malhotra, Vineet; Aghamajidi, Azin; Durairajanayagam, Damayanthi; Shah, RupinAntisperm antibodies (ASA), as a cause of male infertility, have been detected in infertile males as early as 1954. Multiple causes of ASA production have been identified, and they are due to an abnormal exposure of mature germ cells to the immune system. ASA testing (with mixed anti-globulin reaction, and immunobead binding test) was described in the WHO manual 5th edition and is most recently listed among the extended semen tests in the WHO manual 6th edition. The relationship between ASA and infertility is somewhat complex. The presence of sperm agglutination, while insufficient to diagnose immunological infertility, may indicate the presence of ASA. However, ASA can also be present in the absence of any sperm agglutination. The andrological management of ASA depends on the etiology and individual practices of clinicians. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the causes of ASA production, its role in immunological male infertility, clinical indications of ASA testing, and the available therapeutic options. We also provide the details of laboratory procedures for assessment of ASA together with important measures for quality control. Additionally, laboratory and clinical scenarios are presented to guide the reader in the management of ASA and immunological male infertility. Furthermore, we report the results of a recent worldwide survey, conducted to gather information about clinical practices in the management of immunological male infertility.Öğe Consensus and diversity in the management of varicocele for male infertility: Results of a global practice survey and comparison with guidelines and recommendations(Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology, 2022) Shah, Rupin; Agarwal, Ashok; Kavoussi, Parviz; Rambhatla, Amarnath; Saleh, Ramadan; Cannarella, Rossella; Harraz, Ahmed M.; Boitrelle, Florence; Kuroda, Shinnosuke; Hamoda, Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid; Zini, Armand; Ko, Edmund; Çalık, Gökhan; Toprak, Tuncay; Kandil, Hussein; Gül, Murat; Bakırcıoğlu, Mustafa Emre; Parekh, Neel; Russo, Giorgio Ivan; Tadros, Nicholas; Kadıoğlu, Ateş; Arafa, Mohamed; Chung, Eric; Rajmil, Osvaldo; Dimitriadis, Fotios; Malhotra, Vineet; Salvio, Gianmaria; Henkel, Ralf; Le, Tan V.; Sogutdelen, Emrullah; Vij, Sarah; Alarbid, Abdullah; Güdeloğlu, Ahmet; Tsujimura, Akira; Calogero, Aldo E.; El Meliegy, Amr; Crafa, Andrea; Kalkanlı, Arif; Baser, Aykut; Hazır, Berk; Giulioni, Carlo; Cho, Chak-Lam; Ho, Christopher C.K.; Salzano, Ciro; Zylbersztejn, Daniel Suslik; Tien, Dung Mai Ba; Pescatori, Edoardo; Borges, Edson; Saïs-Hamza, Eminej; Huyghe, Eric; Ceyhan, Erman; Caroppo, Ettore; Castiglioni, Fabrizio; Bahar, Fahmi; Gökalp, Fatih; Lombardo, Francesco; Gadda, Franco; Duarsa, Gede Wirya Kusuma; Pinggera, Germar-Michael; Busetto, Gian Maria; Balercia, Giancarlo; Cito, Gianmartin; Blecher, Gideon; Franco, Giorgio; Liguori, Giovanni; Elbardisi, Haitham; Keskin, Hakan; Lin, Haocheng; Taniguchi, Hisanori; Park, Hyun Jun; Ziouziou, Imad; de la Rosette, Jean J. M. C. H.; Hotaling, Jim; Ramsay, Jonathan; Molina, Juan Manuel Corral; Lo, Ka Lun; Böcü, Kadir; Khalafalla, Kareim; Bowa, Kasonde; Okada, Keisuke; Nagao, Koichi; Chiba, Koji; Hakim, Lukman; Makarounis, Konstantinos; Hehemann, Marah; Peña, Marcelo Rodriguez; Falcone, Marco; Bendayan, Marion; Martinez, Marlon; Timpano, Massimiliano; Altan, Mesut; Fode, Mikkel; Al-Marhoon, Mohamed S.; Gilani, Mohammad Ali Sadighi; Soebadi, Mohammad Ayodhia; Gherabi, Nazim; Sofikitis, Nikolaos; Kahraman, Oğuzhan; Birowo, Ponco; Kothari, Priyank; Sindhwani, Puneet; Javed, Qaisar; Ambar, Rafael F.; Kosgi, Raghavender; Ghayda, Ramy Abou; Adriansjah, Ricky; Condorelli, Rosita Angela; La Vignera, Sandro; Micic, Sava; Kim, Shannon Hee Kyung; Fukuhara, Shinichiro; Ahn, Sun Tae; Mostafa, Taymour; Ong, Teng Aik; Takeshima, Teppei; Amano, Toshiyasu; Barrett, Trenton; Arslan, Umut; Karthikeyan, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan; Atmoko, Widi; Yumura, Yasushi; Yuan, Yiming; Kato, Yuki; Jezek, Davor; Cheng, Bryan Kwun-Chung; Hatzichristodoulou, Georgios; Dy, Jun; Castañé, Eduard Ruiz; El-Sakka, Ahmed I.; Nguyen, Quang; Sarıkaya, Selçuk; Boeri, Luca; Tan, Ronny; Moussa, Mohamad A.; El-Assmy, Ahmed; Alali, Hamed; Alhathal, Naif; Osman, Yasser; Perovic, Dragoljub; Sajadi, Hesamoddin; Akhavizadegan, Hamed; Vu?ini?, Miroslav; Kattan, Said; Kattan, Mohamed S.; Mogharabian, Nasser; Phuoc, Nguyen Ho Vinh; Ngoo, Kay Seong; Alkandari, Mohammad H.; Alsuhaibani, Shaheed; Sokolakis, Ioannis; Babaei, Mehdi; King, Mak Siu; Diemer, Thorsten; Gava, Marcelo M.; Henrique, Raphael; Spinola e Silva, Rodrigo; Paul, Gustavo Marquesine; Mierzwa, Tiago Cesar; Glina, Sidney; Siddiqi, Kashif; Wu, Han; Wurzacher, Jana; Farkouh, Ala'a; Son, Hwancheol; Minhas, Suks; Lee, Joe; Magsanoc, Nikko; Capogrosso, Paolo; Capogrosso, Paolo; Albano, German Jose; Lewis, Sheena E.M.; Jayasena, Channa N.; Alvarez, Juan G.; Teo, Colin; Smith, Ryan P.; Chua, Jo Ben M.; Jensen, Christian Fuglesang S.; Parekattil, Sijo; Finelli, Renata; Durairajanayagam, Damayanthi; Karna, Keshab Kumar; Ahmed, Abdelkareem; Evenson, Don; Umemoto, Yukihiro; Puigvert, Ana; Çeker, Gökhan; Colpi, Giovanni M.; Rolitsky, Sarah; Bouzouita, Abderrazak; Shokeir, Ahmed; Aşçı, Ahmet; Bouker, Amin; Adamyan, Aram; Avoyan, Armen E.; Palani, Ayad; Aghamajidi, Azin; Eze, Balantine; Noegroho, Bambang Sasongko; Purnomo, Basuki; Erkan, Bircan Kolbaşı; Zilaitiene, Birute; Kulaksız, Deniz; Kafetzis, Dimitrios; Lee, Dong Sup; Stember, Doron; Evgeni, Evangelini; Alhajeri, Faisal; Finocchi, Federica; Colombo, Fulvio; Tsangaris, George; Sallam, Hassan N.; Acosta, Herik; Rosas, Israel Maldonado; Kirkman-Brown, Jackson; Shin, Jae Il; Sonksen, Jens; Dong, Jie; Marmar, Joel; Moreno-Sepulveda, Jose; Seo, Ju Tae; Aydos, Kaan; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Trost, Landon; Jenkins, Lawrence; Rocco, Lucia; Darbandi, Mahsa; Simopoulou, Mara; Alves, Marco; Sabbaghian, Marjan; Tavalaee, Marziyeh; Razi, Mazdak; Duran, Mesut Berkan; Nago, Mitsuru; Elkhouly, Mohamed; Khalili, Mohamed; Nasr-Esfahani, Mohammad Hossein; Kamath, Mohan S.; Uğur, Muhammet Raşit; Park, Nam Cheol; Cruz, Natalio; Garrido, Nicolas; Sodeifi, Niloofar; Al Khalidi, Noora; Shoshany, Ohad; Satyagraha, Paksi; Drakopoulos, Panagiotos; Vogiatzi, Paraskevi; Dolati, Parisa; Das, Partha; Chiu, Peter Ka-Fung; Tsioulou, Petroula A.; Patel, Premal; Singh, Rajender; Kaiyal, Raneen Sawaid; Santos, Ferreira; Dada, Rima; Brodjonegoro, Sakti; Banihani, Saleem Ali; Schon, Samantha; Darbandi, Sara; Güneş, Sezgin; Homa, Sheryl; Mutambirwa, Shingai; Roychoudhury, Shubhadeep; Diaz, Sofia Ines Leonardi; Gopalakrishnan, Sreelatha; Krawetz, Stephen; Jindal, Sunil; Avidor-Reiss, Tomer; Lin, Tsung Yen; Kumar, Vijay; Ibrahim, Wael; Kerkeni, Walid; Woo, Wongi; Morimoto, Yoshiharu; Cheng, Yu-ShengPurpose: Varicocele is a common problem among infertile men. Varicocele repair (VR) is frequently performed to improve semen parameters and the chances of pregnancy. However, there is a lack of consensus about the diagnosis, indications for VR and its outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore global practice patterns on the management of varicocele in the context of male infertility. Materials and Methods: Sixty practicing urologists/andrologists from 23 countries contributed 382 multiple-choice-questions pertaining to varicocele management. These were condensed into an online questionnaire that was forwarded to clinicians involved in male infertility management through direct invitation. The results were analyzed for disagreement and agreement in practice patterns and, compared with the latest guidelines of international professional societies (American Urological Association [AUA], American Society for Reproductive Medicine [ASRM], and European Association of Urology [EAU]), and with evidence emerging from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Additionally, an expert opinion on each topic was provided based on the consensus of 16 experts in the field. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 574 clinicians from 59 countries. The majority of respondents were urologists/uro-andrologists. A wide diversity of opinion was seen in every aspect of varicocele diagnosis, indications for repair, choice of technique, management of sub-clinical varicocele and the role of VR in azoospermia. A significant proportion of the responses were at odds with the recommendations of AUA, ASRM, and EAU. A large number of clinical situations were identified where no guidelines are available. Conclusions: This study is the largest global survey performed to date on the clinical management of varicocele for male infertility. It demonstrates: 1) a wide disagreement in the approach to varicocele management, 2) large gaps in the clinical practice guidelines from professional societies, and 3) the need for further studies on several aspects of varicocele management in infertile men.Öğe Global practice patterns and variations in the medical and surgical management of non-obstructive azoospermia: results of a world-wide survey, guidelines and expert recommendations(2025) Rambhatla, Amarnath; Shah, Rupin; Ziouziou, Imad; Kothari, Priyank; Salvio, Gianmaria; Gül, Murat; Hamoda, Taha; Kavoussi, Parviz; Atmoko, Widi; Toprak, Tuncay; Birowo, Ponco; Ko, Edmund; Arafa, Mohamed; Ghayda, Ramy Abou; Karthikeyan, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan; Russo, Giorgio Ivan; Pinggera, Germar Michael; Chung, Eric; Harraz, Ahmed M.; Martinez, Marlon; Phuoc, Nguyen Ho Vinh; Tadros, Nicholas; Saleh, Ramadan; Savira, Missy; Colpi, Giovanni M.; Zohdy, Wael; Pescatori, Edoardo; Park, Hyun Jun; Fukuhara, Shinichiro; Tsujimura, Akira; Rojas Cruz, Cesar; Marino, Angelo; Mak, Siu King; Amar, Edouard; Ibrahim, Wael; Sindhwani, Puneet; Alhathal, Naif; Busetto, Gian Maria; Al Hashimi, Manaf; El-Sakka, Ahmed; Ramazan, Asci; Dimitriadis, Fotios; Timpano, Massimiliano; Jezek, Davor; Altay, Barış; Zylbersztejn, Daniel Suslik; Wong, Michael Y.C.; Moon, Du Geon; Wyns, Christine; Gamidov, Safar; Akhavizadegan, Hamed; Franceschelli, Alessandro; Aydos, Kaan; Quang, Nguyen; Ashour, Shedeed; Al Dayel, Adel; Al Marhoon, Mohammed S.; Micic, Sava; Binsaleh, Saleh; Hussein, Alayman; Elbardisi, Haitham; Mostafa, Taymour; Ramsay, Jonathan; Zachariou, Athanasios; Abdelrahman, Islam Fathy Soliman; Rajmil, Osvaldo; Kalkanlı, Arif; Molina, Juan Manuel Corral; Böcü, Kadir; Duarsa, Gede Wirya Kusuma; Çeker, Gökhan; Şerefoğlu, Ege Can; Bahar, Fahmi; Gherabi, Nazım; Kuroda, Shinnosuke; Bouzouita, Abderrazak; Güdeloğlu, Ahmet; Ceyhan, Erman; Hasan, Mohamed Saeed Mohamed; Musa, Muhammad Ujudud; Motawi, Ahmad; Cho, Chak-Lam; Taniguchi, Hisanori; Ho, Christopher Chee Kong; Vazquez, Jesus Fernando Solorzano; Mutambirwa, Shingai; Dokuzeylül Güngör, Nur; Bendayan, Marion; Giulioni, Carlo; Baser, Aykut; Falcone, Marco; Boeri, Luca; Blecher, Gideon; Kheradmand, Alireza; Sethupathy, Tamilselvi; Adriansjah, Ricky; Narimani, Nima; Konstantinidis, Charalampos; Nguyen, Tuan Thanh; Japari, Andrian; Dolati, Parisa; Singh, Keerti; Özer, Cevahir; Sarıkaya, Selçuk; Sheibak, Nadia; Bosco, Ndagijimana Jean; Özkent, Mehmet Serkan; Le, Sang Thanh; Sokolakis, Ioannis; Katz, Darren; Smith, Ryan; Truong, Manh Nguyen; Le, Tan V.; Huang, Zhongwei; Değer, Müslim Doğan; Arslan, Umut; Çalık, Gökhan; Franco, Giorgio; Rashed, Ayman; Kahraman, Oğuzhan; Andreadakis, Sotiris; Putra, Rosadi; Balercia, Giancarlo; Khalafalla, Kareim; Cannarella, Rossella; Tuân, Anh ??ng; Meliegy, Amr El; Zilaitiene, Birute; Ramirez, Marlene Lizbeth Zamora; Giacone, Filippo; Calogero, Aldo E.; Makarounis, Konstantinos; Jindal, Sunil; Hoai, Bac Nguyen; Banthia, Ravi; Peña, Marcelo Rodriguez; Moorthy, Dharani; Adamyan, Aram; Kulaksız, Deniz; Kandil, Hussein; Sofikitis, Nikolaos; Salzano, Ciro; Jungwirth, Andreas; Banka, Surendra Reddy; Mierzwa, Tiago Cesar; Turunç, Tahsin; Jain, Divyanu; Avoyan, Armen; Salacone, Pietro; Kadıoğlu, Ateş; Gupta, Chirag; Lin, Haocheng; Shamohammadi, Iman; Mogharabian, Nasser; Barrett, Trenton; Danacıoğlu, Yavuz Onur; Crafa, Andrea; Daoud, Salima; Malhotra, Vineet; Almardawi, Abdulmalik; Selim, Osama Mohamed; Moussa, Mohamad; Haghdani, Saeid; Duran, Mesut Berkan; Kunz, Yannic; Preto, Mirko; Eugeni, Elena; Nguyen, Thang; Elshahid, Ahmed Rashad; Suyono, Seso Sulijaya; Parikesit, Dyandra; Nada, Essam; Orozco, Eduardo Gutiérrez; Boitrelle, Florence; Trang, Nguyen Thi Minh; Jamali, Mounir; Nair, Raju; Ruzaev, Mikhail; Gadda, Franco; Thomas, Charalampos; Ferreira, Raphael Henrique; Gül, Ümit; Maruccia, Serena; Kanbur, Ajay; Kinzikeeva, Ella; Abumelha, Saad Mohammed; Kosgi, Raghavender; Gökalp, Fatih; Soebadi, Mohammad Ayodhia; Paul, Gustavo Marquesine; Sajadi, Hesamoddin; Gupte, Deepak; Ambar, Rafael F.; Söğütdelen, Emrullah; Singla, Karun; Basukarno, Ari; Kim, Shannon Hee Kyung; Gilani, Mohammad Ali Sadighi; Nagao, Koichi; Brodjonegoro, Sakti Ronggowardhana; Rezano, Andri; Elkhouly, Mohamed; Mazzilli, Rossella; Farsi, Hasan M.A.; Nguyen Alali, Hamed; Ba, Hung Nguyen; Alali, Hamed; Kafetzis, Dimitrios; Long, Tran Quang Tien; Alsaid, Sami; Cuong, Hoang Bao Ngoc; Oleksandr, Knigavko; Mustafa, Akhmad; Acosta, Herik; Pai, Hrishikesh; Şahin, Bahadır; Arianto, Eko; Teo, Colin; Jayaprakash, Sanjay Prakash; Rachman, Rinaldo Indra; Yenice, Mustafa Gürkan; Sefrioui, Omar; Priyadarshi, Shivam; Tanic, Marko; Alfatlaw, Noor Kareem; Rizaldi, Fikri; Vishwakarma, Ranjit B.; Kanakis, George; Cherian, Dinesh Thomas; Lee, Joe; Galstyan, Raisa; Keskin, Hakan; Wurzacher, Janan; Seno, Doddy Hami; Noegroho, Bambang S.; Margiana, Ria; Javed, Qaisar; Castiglioni, Fabrizio; Tanwar, Raman; Puigvert, Ana; Kaya, Coşkun; Purnomo, Medianto; Yazbeck, Chadi; Amir, Azwar; Borges, Edson; Bellavia, Marina; Deswanto, Isaac Ardianson; Vinod K.V.; Liguori, Giovanni; Minh, Dang Hoang; Siddiqi, Kashif; Colombo, Fulvio; Zini, Armand; Patel, Niket; Çayan, Selahittin; Al Kawaz, Ula; Ragab, Maged; Hebrard, Guadalupe Hernández; de la Rosette, Jean J. M. C. H.; Efesoy, Ozan; Hoffmann, Ivan; Teixeira, Thiago Afonso; Saylam, Barış; Delgadillo, Daniela; Agarwal, AshokPurpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common, but complex problem, with multiple therapeutic options and a lack of clear guidelines. Hence, there is considerable controversy and marked variation in the management of NOA. This survey evaluates contemporary global practices related to medical and surgical management for patients with NOA. Materials and Methods: A 56-question online survey covering various aspects of the evaluation and management of NOA was sent to specialists around the globe. This paper analyzes the results of the second half of the survey dealing with the management of NOA. Results have been compared to current guidelines, and expert recommendations have been provided using a Delphi process. Results: Participants from 49 countries submitted 336 valid responses. Hormonal therapy for 3 to 6 months was suggested before surgical sperm retrieval (SSR) by 29.6% and 23.6% of participants for normogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism respectively. The SSR rate was reported as 50.0% by 26.0% to 50.0% of participants. Interestingly, 46.0% reported successful SSR in <10% of men with Klinefelter syndrome and 41.3% routinely recommended preimplantation genetic testing. Varicocele repair prior to SSR is recommended by 57.7%. Half of the respondents (57.4%) reported using ultrasound to identify the most vascularized areas in the testis for SSR. One-third proceed directly to microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE) in every case of NOA while others use a staged approach. After a failed conventional TESE, 23.8% wait for 3 months, while 33.1% wait for 6 months before proceeding to mTESE. The cut-off of follicle-stimulating hormone for positive SSR was reported to be 12-19 IU/mL by 22.5% of participants and 20-40 IU/mL by 27.8%, while 31.8% reported no upper limit. Conclusions: This is the largest survey to date on the real-world medical and surgical management of NOA by reproductive experts. It demonstrates a diverse practice pattern and highlights the need for evidence-based international consensus guidelines.Öğe Global practice patterns in the evaluation of non-obstructive azoospermia: results of a world-wide survey and expert recommendations(2024) Shah, Rupin; Rambhatla, Amarnath; Atmoko, Widi; Martinez, Marlon; Ziouziou, Imad; Kothari, Priyank; Tadros, Nicholas; Phuoc, Nguyen Ho Vinh; Kavoussi, Parviz; Harraz, Ahmed; Salvio, Gianmaria; Gül, Murat; Hamoda, Taha; Toprak, Tuncay; Birowo, Ponco; Ko, Edmund; Arafa, Mohamed; Ghayda, Ramy Abou; Karthikeyan, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan; Saleh, Ramadan; Russo, Giorgio Ivan; Pinggera, Germar Michael; Chung, Eric; Savira, Missy; Colpi, Giovanni M.; Zohdy, Wael; Pescatori, Edoardo; Park, Hyun Jun; Fukuhara, Shinichiro; Tsujimura, Akira; Rojas Cruz, Cesar; Marino, Angelo; Mak, Siu King; Amar, Edouard; Ibrahim, Wael; Sindhwani, Puneet; Alhathal, Naif; Busetto, Gian Maria; Al Hashimi, Manaf; El Sakka, Ahmed; Aşcı, Ramazan; Dimitriadis, Fotios; Timpano, Massimiliano; Jezek, Davor; Altay, Barış; Zylbersztejn, Daniel Suslik; Wong, Michael Y.C.; Moon, Du Geon; Wyns, Christine; Gamidov, Safar; Akhavizadegan, Hamed; Franceschelli, Alessandro; Aydos, Kaan; Quang, Vinh Nguyen; Ashour, Shedeed; Al Dayel, Adel; Al Marhoon, Mohamed S.; Micic, Sava; Binsaleh, Saleh; Hussein, Alayman; Elbardisi, Haitham; Mostafa, Taymour; Taha, Emad; Ramsay, Jonathan; Zachariou, Athanasios; Abdelrahman, Islam Fathy Soliman; Rajmil, Osvaldo; Kalkanlı, Arif; Molina, Juan Manuel Corral; Böcü, Kadir; Duarsa, Gede Wirya Kusuma; Çeker, Gökhan; Şerefoğlu, Ege Can; Bahar, Fahmi; Gherabi, Nazim; Kuroda, Shinnosuke; Bouzouita, Abderrazak; Güdeloğlu, Ahmet; Ceyhan, Erman; Hasan, Mohamed Saeed Mohamed; Musa, Muhammad Ujudud; Motawi, Ahmad; Chak Lam, Cho; Taniguchi, Hisanori; Ho, Christopher Chee Kong; Vazquez, Jesus Fernando Solorzano; Mutambirwa, Shingai; Dokuzeylül Güngör, Nur; Bendayan, Marion; Giulioni, Carlo; Baser, Aykut; Falcone, Marco; Boeri, Luca; Blecher, Gideon; Kheradmand, Alireza; Sethupathy, Tamilselvi; Adriansjah, Ricky; Narimani, Nima; Konstantinidis, Charalampos; Nguyen, Tuan Thanh; Japari, Andrian; Dolati, Parisa; Singh, Keerti; Özer, Cevahir; Sarıkaya, Selçuk; Sheibak, Nadia; Bosco, Ndagijimana Jean; Özkent, Mehmet Serkan; Le, Sang Thanh; Sokolakis, Ioannis; Katz, Darren; Smith, Ryan; Truong, Manh Nguyen; Le, Tan V.; Huang, Zhongwei; Değer, Müslim Doğan; Arslan, Umut; Çalık, Gökhan; Franco, Giorgio; Rashed, Ayman; Kahraman, Oğuzhan; Andreadakis, Sotiris; Putra, Rosadi; Balercia, Giancarlo; Khalafalla, Kareim; Cannarella, Rossella; Tuan, Anh ?ang; Meliegy, Amr El; Zilaitiene, Birute; Ramirez, Marlene Lizbeth Zamora; Giacone, Filippo; Calogero, Aldo E.; Makarounis, Konstantinos; Jindal, Sunil; Hoai, Bac Nguyen; Banthia, Ravi; Peña, Marcelo Rodriguez; Moorthy, Dharani; Adamyan, Aram; Kulaksız, Deniz; Kandil, Hussein; Sofikitis, Nikolaos; Salzano, Ciro; Jungwirth, Andreas; Banka, Surendra Reddy; Mierzwa, Tiago Cesar; Turunç, Tahsin; Jain, Divyanu; Avoyan, Armen; Salacone, Pietro; Kadıoğlu, Ateş; Gupta, Chirag; Lin, Haocheng; Shamohammadi, Iman; Mogharabian, Nasser; Barrett, Trenton; Danacıoğlu, Yavuz Onur; Crafa, Andrea; Daoud, Salima; Malhotra, Vineet; Almardawi, Abdulmalik; Selim, Osama Mohamed; Moussa, Mohamad; Haghdani, Saeid; Duran, Mesut Berkan; Kunz, Yannic; Preto, Mirko; Eugeni, Elena; Nguyen, Thang; Elshahid, Ahmed Rashad; Suyono, Seso Sulijaya; Parikesit, Dyandra; Nada, Essam; Orozco, Eduardo Gutiérrez; Boitrelle, Florence; Trang, Nguyen Thi Minh; Jamali, Mounir; Nair, Raju; Ruzaev, Mikhail; Gadda, Franco; Thomas, Charalampos; Ferreira, Raphael Henrique; Gül, Ümit; Maruccia, Serena; Kanbur, Ajay; Kinzikeeva, Ella; Abumelha, Saad; Quang, Nguyen; Kosgi, Raghavender; Gökalp, Fatih; Soebadi, Mohammad Ayodhia; Paul, Gustavo Marquesine; Sajadi, Hesamoddin; Gupte, Deepak; Ambar, Rafael F.; Söğütdelen, Emrullah; Singla, Karun; Basurkano, Ari; Kim, Shannon Hee Kyung; Gilani, Mohammad Ali Sadigh; Nagao, Koichi; Brodjonegoro, Sakti Ronggowardhana; Rezano, Andri; Elkhouly, Mohamed; Mazzilli, Rossella; Farsi, Hasan M.A.; Ba, Hung Nguyen; Alali, Hamed; Kafetzis, Dimitrios; Long, Tran Quang Tien; Alsaid, Sami; Cuong, Hoang Bao Ngoc; Oleksandr, Knigavko; Mustafa, Akhmad; Acosta, Herik; Pai, Hrishikesh; Şahin, Bahadır; Arianto, Eko; Teo, Colin; Jayaprakash, Sanjay Prakash; Rachman, Rinaldo Indra; Yenice, Mustafa Gürkan; Sefrioui, Omar; Paghdar, Smit; Priyadarshi, Shivam; Tanic, Marko; Alfatlawy, Noor Kareem; Rizaldi, Fikri; Vishwakarma, Ranjit B.; Kanakis, George; Cherian, Dinesh Thomas; Lee, Joe; Galstyan, Raisa; Keskin, Hakan; Wurzacher, Jana; Seno, Doddy Hami; Noegroho, Bambang S.; Margiana, Ria; Javed, Qaisar; Castiglioni, Fabrizio; Tanwar, Raman; Puigvert, Ana; Kaya, Coşkun; Purnomo, Medianto; Yazbeck, Chadi; Amir, Azwar; Borges, Edson; Bellavia, Marina; Deswanto, Isaac Ardianson; Vinod K.V.; Liguori, Giovanni; Minh, Dang Hoang; Siddiqi, Kashif; Colombo, Fulvio; Zini, Armand; Patel, Niket; Çayan, Selahittin; Al Kawaz, Ula; Ragab, Maged; Hebrard, Guadalupe Hernández; Hoffmann, Ivan; Efesoy, Ozan; Saylam, Barış; Agarwal, AshokPurpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) represents the persistent absence of sperm in ejaculate without obstruction, stemming from diverse disease processes. This survey explores global practices in NOA diagnosis, comparing them with guidelines and offering expert recommendations. Materials and Methods: A 56-item questionnaire survey on NOA diagnosis and management was conducted globally from July to September 2022. This paper focuses on part 1, evaluating NOA diagnosis. Data from 367 participants across 49 countries were analyzed descriptively, with a Delphi process used for expert recommendations. Results: Of 336 eligible responses, most participants were experienced attending physicians (70.93%). To diagnose azoospermia definitively, 81.7% requested two semen samples. Commonly ordered hormone tests included serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (97.0%), total testosterone (92.9%), and luteinizing hormone (86.9%). Genetic testing was requested by 66.6%, with karyotype analysis (86.2%) and Y chromosome microdeletions (88.3%) prevalent. Diagnostic testicular biopsy, distinguishing obstructive azoospermia (OA) from NOA, was not performed by 45.1%, while 34.6% did it selectively. Differentiation relied on physical examination (76.1%), serum hormone profiles (69.6%), and semen tests (68.1%). Expectations of finding sperm surgically were higher in men with normal FSH, larger testes, and a history of sperm in ejaculate. Conclusions: This expert survey, encompassing 367 participants from 49 countries, unveils congruence with recommended guidelines in NOA diagnosis. However, noteworthy disparities in practices suggest a need for evidence-based, international consensus guidelines to standardize NOA evaluation, addressing existing gaps in professional recommendations.Öğe Post-vasectomy semen analysis: Optimizing laboratory procedures and test interpretation through a clinical audit and global survey of practices(Pusan National University's Medical School, 2022) Agarwal, Ashok; Gupta, Sajal; Sharma, Rakesh K.; Finelli, Renata; Kuroda, Shinnosuke; Vij, Sarah C.; Boitrelle, Florence; Kavoussi, Parviz; Rambhatla, Amarnath; Saleh, Ramadan; Chung, Eric; Mostafa, Taymour; Zini, Armand; Ko, Edmund; Parekh, Neel; Martinez, Marlon; Arafa, Mohamed; Tadros, Nicholas; Rosette, Jean de la; Le, Tan V.; Rajmil, Osvaldo; Kandil, Hussein; Blecher, Gideon; Liguor, Giovanni; Caroppo, Ettore; Ho, Christopher C.K.; Altman, Andrew; Bajic, Petar; Goldfarb, David; Gill, Bradley; Zylbersztejn, Daniel Suslik; Molina, Juan Manuel Corral; Gava, Marcello M.; Cardoso, Joao Paulo Greco; Kosgi, Raghavender; Çeker, Gökhan; Zilaitiene, Birute; Pescatori, Edoardo; Borges Jr, Edson; Duarsa, Gede Wirya Kusuma; Pinggera, Germar-Michael; Busetto, Gian Maria; Balercia, Giancarlo; Franco, Giorgio; Çalik, Gökhan; Sallam, Hassan N.; Park, Hyun Jun; Ramsay, Jonathan; Alvarez, Juan; Khalafalla, Kareim; Bowa, Kasonde; Hakim, Lukman; Simopoulou, Mara; Rodriguez, Marcelo Gabriel; Sabbaghian, Marjan; Elbardisi, Haitham; Timpano, Massimiliano; Altan, Mesut; Elkhouly, Mohamed; Al-Marhoon, Mohamed S.; Gilani, Mohammad Ali Sadighi; Soebadi, Mohammad Ayodhia; Nasr-Esfahani, Mohammad Hossein; Garrido, Nicolas; Vogiatzi, Paraskevi; Birowo, Ponco; Patel, Premal; Javed, Qaisar; Ambar, Rafael F.; Adriansjah, Ricky; AlSaid, Sami; Micic, Sava; Lewis, Sheena E.; Mutambirwa, Shingai; Fukuhara, Shinichiro; Parekattil, Sijo; Ahn, Sun Tae; Jinda, Sunil; Takeshima, Teppei; Puigvert, Ana; Amano, Toshiyasu; Barrett, Trenton; Toprak, Tuncay; Malhotra, Vineet; Atmoko, Widi; Yumura, Yasushi; Morimoto, Yoshiharu; Lima, Thiago Fernandes Negris; Kunz, Yannic; Kato, Yuki; Umemoto, Yukihiro; Colpi, Giovanni M.; Durairajanayagam, Damayanthi; Shah, RupinPurpose: The success of vasectomy is determined by the outcome of a post-vasectomy semen analysis (PVSA). This article describes a step-by-step procedure to perform PVSA accurately, report data from patients who underwent post vasectomy semen analysis between 2015 and 2021 experience, along with results from an international online survey on clinical practice. Materials and Methods: We present a detailed step-by-step protocol for performing and interpretating PVSA testing, along with recommendations for proficiency testing, competency assessment for performing PVSA, and clinical and laboratory scenarios. Moreover, we conducted an analysis of 1,114 PVSA performed at the Cleveland Clinic’s Andrology Laboratory and an online survey to understand clinician responses to the PVSA results in various countries. Results: Results from our clinical experience showed that 92.1% of patients passed PVSA, with 7.9% being further tested. A total of 78 experts from 19 countries participated in the survey, and the majority reported to use time from vasectomy rather than the number of ejaculations as criterion to request PVSA. A high percentage of responders reported permitting unprotected intercourse only if PVSA samples show azoospermia while, in the presence of few non-motile sperm, the majority of responders suggested using alternative contraception, followed by another PVSA. In the presence of motile sperm, the majority of participants asked for further PVSA testing. Repeat vasectomy was mainly recommended if motile sperm were observed after multiple PVSA’s. A large percentage reported to recommend a second PVSA due to the possibility of legal actions. Conclusions: Our results highlighted varying clinical practices around the globe, with controversy over the significance of non-motile sperm in the PVSA sample. Our data suggest that less stringent AUA guidelines would help improve test compliance. A large longitudinal multi-center study would clarify various doubts related to timing and interpretation of PVSA and would also help us to understand, and perhaps predict, recanalization and the potential for future failure of a vasectomy.Öğe Sperm vitality and necrozoospermia: Diagnosis, management, and results of a global survey of clinical practice(Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology, 2022) Agarwal, Ashok; Sharma, Rakesh K.; Gupta, Sajal; Boitrelle, Florence; Finelli, Renata; Parekh, Neel; Durairajanayagam, Damayanthi; Saleh, Ramadan; Arafa, Mohamed; Cho, Chak Lam; Farkouh, Ala’a; Rambhatla, Amarnath; Henkel, Ralf; Vogiatzi, Paraskevi; Tadros, Nicholas; Kavoussi, Parviz; Ko, Edmund; Leisegang, Kristian; Kandil, Hussein; Palani, Ayad; Salvio, Gianmaria; Mostafa, Taymour; Rajmil, Osvaldo; Banihani, Saleem Ali; Schon, Samantha; Le, Tan V.; Birowo, Ponco; Çeker, Gökhan; Alvarez, Juan; Molina, Juan Manuel Corral; Ho, Christopher C.K.; Calogero, Aldo E.; Khalafalla, Kareim; Duran, Mesut Berkan; Kuroda, Shinnosuke; Colpi, Giovanni M.; Zini, Armand; Anagnostopoulou, Christina; Pescatori, Edoardo; Chung, Eric; Caroppo, Ettore; Dimitriadis, Fotios; Pinggera, Germar-Michael; Busetto, Gian Maria; Balercia, Giancarlo; Elbardisi, Haitham; Taniguchi, Hisanori; Park, Hyun Jun; Rosas, Israel Maldonado; de la Rosette, Jean J. M. C. H.; Ramsay, Jonathan; Bowa, Kasonde; Simopoulou, Mara; Rodriguez, Marcelo Gabriel; Sabbaghian, Marjan; Martinez, Marlon; Gilani, Mohamed Ali Sadighi; Al-Marhoon, Mohamed S.; Kosgi, Raghavender; Cannarella, Rossella; Micic, Sava; Fukuhara, Shinichiro; Parekattil, Sijo; Jindal, Sunil; Abdel-Meguid, Taha Abo-Almagd; Morimoto, Yoshiharu; Shah, RupinSperm vitality testing is a basic semen examination that has been described in the World Health Organization (WHO) Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen from its primary edition, 40 years ago. Several methods can be used to test sperm vitality, such as the eosin-nigrosin (E-N) stain or the hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test. In the 6th (2021) edition of the WHO Laboratory Manual, sperm vitality assessment is mainly recommended if the total motility is less than 40%. Hence, a motile spermatozoon is considered alive, however, in certain conditions an immotile spermatozoon can also be alive. Therefore, the differentiation between asthenozoospermia (pathological decrease in sperm motility) and necrozoospermia (pathological decrease in sperm vitality) is important in directing further investigation and management of infertile patients. The causes leading to necrozoospermia are diverse and can either be local or general, testicular or extra -testicular. The andrological management of necrozoospermia depends on its etiology. However, there is no standardized treatment available presently and practice varies among clinicians. In this study, we report the results of a global survey to understand current practices regarding the physician order of sperm vitality tests as well as the management practices for necrozoospermia. Laboratory and clinical scenarios are presented to guide the reader in the management of necrozoospermia with the overall objective of establishing a benchmark ranging from the diagnosis of necrozoospermia by sperm vitality testing to its clinical management.
