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    Empathy increases warmth toward Syrian and Afghans, but not Ukrainians: Experimental evidence from Türkiye
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Aktaş, Büşra Eylem; Salter, Metin Ege; Yılmaz, Ayşe Nur; Eker, Selin
    Previous research has documented that economic concerns might limit the positive impact of empathy in reducing prejudicial attitudes toward refugees in Türkiye. Other research has also shown that religious conservatism might buffer negativity toward refugees. However, there has been no prior research testing whether empathizing with economic hardships would increase positivity toward refugees. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of empathy by leading individuals to adopt the perspective of those experiencing the detrimental effects of resource scarcity among Turkish citizens. Specifically, we examined whether inducing empathy related to resource scarcity would increase the level of warmth felt toward Syrian, Afghan, and Ukrainian refugees, while considering the moderating roles of religiosity and conservatism in this relationship. The present study employed a between-subjects design experiment wherein participants were randomly assigned to either the control group (n = 131) or the experimental group (n = 110). The results showed that participants in the experimental group reported higher levels of warmth toward Syrians and Afghans but not toward Ukrainians when compared to the control group. Moreover, there were significant moderator roles for religiosity and conservatism in the link between induced empathy and warmth toward Syrians. Specifically, the present findings demonstrate that higher levels of religiosity and conservatism positively predict the association between empathy induction and higher levels of warmth toward Syrians but not toward Ukrainians and Afghans. Overall, these results suggest that empathizing with the scarcity of resources might be an effective approach to reducing negative attitudes toward Afghan and Syrian refugees, but it may not have the same impact on Ukrainians in the Turkish cultural context. Furthermore, these findings indicate that higher levels of conservatism and religiosity can contribute to a positive impact of empathy toward Syrians.
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    Is negativity bias intuitive for liberals and conservatives?
    (Springer, 2023) Salter, Metin Ege; Duymaç, Fırat Yavuz; Yılmaz, Onurcan; Bahçekapılı, Hasan Galip; Harma, Mehmet
    Previous research suggests that conservatives (right-wingers) tend to show more negativity bias than liberals (left-wingers) in several tasks. However, the majority of these studies are based on correlational findings and do not provide information on the cognitive underpinnings of this tendency. The current research investigated whether intuition promotes negativity bias and mitigates the ideological asymmetry in this domain in three underrepresented, non-western samples (Turkey). In line with the previous literature, we defined negativity bias as the tendency to interpret ambiguous faces as threatening. The results of the lab experiment revealed that negativity bias increases under high-cognitive load overall. In addition, this effect was moderated by the participants’ political orientation (Experiment 1). In other words, when their cognitive resources were depleted, liberals became more like conservatives in terms of negativity bias. However, we failed to conceptually replicate this effect using time-limit manipulations in two online preregistered experiments during the COVID-19 pandemic, where the baseline negativity bias is thought to be already at peak. Thus, the findings provide no strong evidence for the idea that intuition promotes negativity bias and that liberals use cognitive effort to avoid this perceptual bias.