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    Biological properties and HPLC analyses of four medicinal plants extracts obtained at different extraction temperatures
    (Wiley, 2022) Eyüpoğlu, Ozan Emre; Etienne, Ouattara Katinan; Sinan, Kouadio Ibrahime; Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Jugreet, Bibi Sharmeen; Ak, Güneş; Behl, Tapan; Bouyahya, Abdelhakim; Ferrante, Claudio; Zengin, Gökhan
    In the present study, extracts of four medicinal plants (Cajanus cajan, Carica papaya, Morinda morindoides, and Senna alexandrina) obtained at two different extraction temperatures (24 and 45 degrees C) were investigated for their polyphenolic contents, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties. For instance, extracts of the studied species yielded total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the range of 17.8-66.3 mg GAE/g and 4.18-26.8 mg RE/g, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with antioxidant assays (HPLC-FRAP and HPLC-DPPH) was employed for direct identification of antioxidant compounds. The extracts showed moderate to high antioxidant potentials in various assays performed (radical scavenging activity: 10.15-240.08 mg TE/g; reducing activity: 24.88-229.59 mg TE/g; metal chelating activity: 5.56-18.32 mg EDTAE/g and total antioxidant capacity: 1.40-2.18 mM TE/g). Additionally, the extracts were found to exert inhibitory properties against all the studied enzymes (anti-acetylcholinesterase: 1.80-2.29 mg GALAE/g; anti-butyrylcholinesterase: 0.19-3.13 mg GALAE/g; anti-amylase: 0.39-0.58 mmol ACAE/g; anti-glucosidase: 0.17-1.36 mmol ACAE/g and anti-tyrosinase: 60.97-73.71 mg KAE/g). Of all, C. cajan extracts were revealed to be the best antioxidants and inhibitors of most enzymes. Therefore, this study demonstrated the pharmacological potentials of the four medicinal plants, especially C. cajan as viable sources of phyto-ingredients that could be of interest in nutraceutical development. Novelty impact statement The methanol extracts from four medicinal plant with different extraction temperatures (24 and 45 degrees C) were investigated. HPLC-DPPH and HPLC-FRAP methodologies were used. Different levels of phenolics in the tested extracts were determined. Cajamus cajan extracts were found to be the best one in the antioxidant assays. Our findings could be opened valuable windows in the further pharmaceutical studies and applications
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    HPLC-FRAP methodology and biological activities of different stem bark extracts of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp
    (Elsevier, 2021) Sinan, Kouadio Ibrahime; Mahomoodally, Mohamad Fawzi; Eyüpoğlu, Ozan Emre; Etienne, Ouattara Katinan; Sadeer, Nabeelah Bibi; Ak, Güneş; Behl, Tapan; Zengin, Gökhan
    Cajanus cajan. (L.) Millsp. (C. cajan) (Family: Fabaceae) also known as pigeon pea, is a famous food and cover/forage crop bearing a high amount of key amino acids (methionine, lysine and tryptophan). This study investigated into the total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant ]2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2 -azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (phosphomolybdenum) and metal chelating] activities and enzyme [alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, tyrosinase, acetyl-(AChE), butyry1-(BChE) cholinesterase] inhibitory effects of four extracts (methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, aqueous) prepared from C. cajan stem bark. Direct identification of antioxidants was also conducted using the high performance liquid chromatography-ferric reducing antioxidant power (HPLC-FRAP) system. The highest TPC and TFC were recorded with the methanolic (23.22 +/- 0.17 mg GAE/g) and ethyl acetate extracts (19.43 +/- 0.24 mg RE/g), respectively. The methanolic extract exhibited important antioxidant activity with DPPH (38.41 +/- 0.05 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g), ABTS (70.49 +/- 3.62 mg TE/g), CUPRAC (81.86 +/- 2.40 mg TE/g), FRAP (42.96 +/- 0.59 mg TE/g) and metal chelating (17.00 +/- 1.26 mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid equivalent/g). p-coumaric and caffeic acid were the predominant antioxidants in the samples. Results from enzymatic assays showed the potential abilities of hexane extract in inhibiting the AChE, BChE, alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes. From the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that C. cajan can be considered as a promising source of antioxidants and key enzyme inhibitors that can be exploited for future bioproduct development.