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    Are there consistent abnormalities in event-related EEG oscillations in patients with Alzheimer's disease compared to other diseases belonging to dementia?
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2022) Güntekin, Bahar; Aktürk, Tuba; Arakaki, Xianghong; Bonanni, Laura; Del Percio, Claudio; Edelmayer, Rebecca; Farina, Francesca; Ferri, Raffaele; Hanoğlu, Lütfü; Kumar, Sanjeev; Lizio, Roberta; Lopez, Susanna; Murphy, Brian; Noce, Giuseppe; Randall, Fiona; Sack, Alexander T.; Stocchi, Fabrizio; Yener, Görsev; Yıldırım, Ebru; Babiloni, Claudio
    Cerebrospinal and structural-molecular neuroimaging in-vivo biomarkers are recommended for diagnostic purposes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias; however, they do not explain the effects of AD neuropathology on neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning cognitive processes. Here, an Expert Panel from the Electrophysiology Professional Interest Area of the Alzheimer’s Association reviewed the field literature and reached consensus on the event-related electroencephalographic oscillations (EROs) that show consistent abnormalities in patients with significant cognitive deficits due to Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s (PD), Lewy body (LBD), and cerebrovascular diseases. Converging evidence from oddball paradigms showed that, as compared to cognitively unimpaired (CU) older adults, AD patients had lower amplitude in widespread delta (>4 Hz) and theta (4–7 Hz) phase-locked EROs as a function of disease severity. Similar effects were also observed in PD, LBD, and/or cerebrovascular cognitive impairment patients. Non-phase-locked alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) oscillations were abnormally reduced (event-related desynchronization, ERD) in AD patients relative to CU. However, studies on patients with other dementias remain lacking. Delta and theta phase-locked EROs during oddball tasks may be useful neurophysiological biomarkers of cognitive systems at work in heuristic and intervention clinical trials performed in AD patients, but more research is needed regarding their potential role for other dementias.
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    EEG measures for clinical research in major vascular cognitive impairment: recommendations by an expert panel
    (Elsevier Inc., 2021) Babiloni, Claudio C.; Arakaki, Xianghong; Bonanni, Laura; Buján, Ana; Carrillo, María C.; del Percio, Claudio; Edelmayer, Rebecca M.; Egan, Gary; Elahh, Fanny M.; Evans, Alan Charles; Ferri, Raffaele; Frisoni, Glovannl B.; Güntekin, Bahar; Hainsworth, Atticus Henry; Hampel, Harald; Jeli?, Vesna; Jeong, Jaeseung; Kim, Doh-kwan; Kramberger, Milica Gregori?; Kumar, Sanjeev; Lizio, Roberta; Nobili, Flavio Mariano; Noce, Giuseppe; Puce, Aina; Ritter, Petra; Smit, Dirk J.A.; Soricelli, Andrea; Teipel, S.; Tucci, Federico
    Vascular contribution to cognitive impairment (VCI) and dementia is related to etiologies that may affect the neurophysiological mechanisms regulating brain arousal and generating electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. A multidisciplinary expert panel reviewed the clinical literature and reached consensus about the EEG measures consistently found as abnormal in VCI patients with dementia. As compared to cognitively unimpaired individuals, those VCI patients showed (1) smaller amplitude of resting state alpha (8–12 Hz) rhythms dominant in posterior regions; (2) widespread increases in amplitude of delta (< 4 Hz) and theta (4–8 Hz) rhythms; and (3) delayed N200/P300 peak latencies in averaged event-related potentials, especially during the detection of auditory rare target stimuli requiring participants’ responses in “oddball” paradigms. The expert panel formulated the following recommendations: (1) the above EEG measures are not specific for VCI and should not be used for its diagnosis; (2) they may be considered as “neural synchronization” biomarkers to enlighten the relationships between features of the VCI-related cerebrovascular lesions and abnormalities in neurophysiological brain mechanisms; and (3) they may be tested in future clinical trials as prognostic biomarkers and endpoints of interventions aimed at normalizing background brain excitability and vigilance in wakefulness.
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    Measures of resting state EEG rhythms for clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations of an expert panel
    (Wiley, 2021) Babiloni, Claudio; Arakaki, Xianghong; Azami, Hamed; Bennys, Karim; Blinowska, Katarzyna; Bonanni, Laura; Bujan, Ana; Carrillo, Maria C.; Cichocki, Andrzej; de Frutos-Lucas, Jaisalmer; del Percio, Claudio; Dubois, Bruno; Edelmayer, Rebecca; Egan, Gary; Epelbaum, Stephane; Escudero, Javier; Evans, Alan; Farina, Francesca; Fargo, Keith; Fernandez, Alberto; Ferri, Raffaele; Frisoni, Giovanni; Hampel, Harald; Harrington, Michael G.; Jelic, Vesna; Jeong, Jaeseung; Jiang, Yang; Kaminski, Maciej; Kavcic, Voyko; Kilborn, Kerry; Kumar, Sanjeev; Lam, Alice; Lim, Lew; Lizio, Roberta; Lopez, David; Lopez, Susanna; Lucey, Brendan; Maestu, Fernando; McGeown, William J.; McKeith, Ian; Moretti, Davide Vito; Nobili, Flavio; Noce, Giuseppe; Olichney, John; Onofrj, Marco; Osorio, Ricardo; Parra-Rodriguez, Mario; Rajji, Tarek; Ritter, Petra; Soricelli, Andrea; Stocchi, Fabrizio; Tarnanas, Ioannis; Taylor, John Paul; Teipel, Stefan; Tucci, Federico; Valdes-Sosa, Mitchell; Valdes-Sosa, Pedro; Weiergraeber, Marco; Yener, Görsev; Güntekin, Bahar
    The Electrophysiology Professional Interest Area (EPIA) and Global Brain Consortium endorsed recommendations on candidate electroencephalography (EEG) measures for Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials. The Panel reviewed the field literature. As most consistent findings, AD patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia showed abnormalities in peak frequency, power, and "interrelatedness" at posterior alpha (8-12 Hz) and widespread delta (< 4 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) rhythms in relation to disease progression and interventions. The following consensus statements were subscribed: (1) Standardization of instructions to patients, resting state EEG (rsEEG) recording methods, and selection of artifact-free rsEEG periods are needed; (2) power density and "interrelatedness" rsEEG measures (e.g., directed transfer function, phase lag index, linear lagged connectivity, etc.) at delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands may be use for stratification of AD patients and monitoring of disease progression and intervention; and (3) international multisectoral initiatives are mandatory for regulatory purposes.
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    What electrophysiology tells us about Alzheimer's disease: A window into the synchronization and connectivity of brain neurons
    (Elsevier, 2020) Babiloni, Claudio; Blinowska, Katarzyna Joanna; Bonanni, Laura; Cichocki, Andrzej; De Haan, Willem; Del Percio, Claudio; Dubois, Bruno; Escudero, Javier; Fernández, Alberto; Frisoni, Giovanni Battista; Güntekin, Bahar; Hajo?, Mihály; Hampel, Harald; Ifeachor, Emmanuel C.; Kilborn, Kerry W.; Kumar, Sanjeev; Johnsen, Kristinn; Johannsson, Magnus; Jeong, Jaeseung; Lebeau, Fiona E.N.; Lizio, Roberta; Lopes da Silva, Fernando H.; Maestu, Fernando; McGeown, William Jonathan; Mckeith, Ian G.; Moretti, Davide Vito; Nobili, Flavio Mariano; Olichney, John; Onofrj, Marco; Palop, Jorge J.; Rowan, Michael; Stocchi, Fabrizio; Struzik, Zbigniew Romuald; Tanila, Heikki; Teipel, Stephan; Taylor, John-Paul; Weiergräber, Marco; Yener, Görsev; Young-Pearse, Tracy; Drinkenburg, Wilhelmus H.; Randall, Fiona
    Electrophysiology provides a real-time readout of neural functions and network capability in different brain states, on temporal (fractions of milliseconds) and spatial (micro, meso, and macro) scales unmet by other methodologies. However, current international guidelines do not endorse the use of electroencephalographic (EEG)/magnetoencephalographic (MEG) biomarkers in clinical trials performed in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), despite a surge in recent validated evidence. This position paper of the ISTAART Electrophysiology Professional Interest Area endorses consolidated and translational electrophysiological techniques applied to both experimental animal models of AD and patients, to probe the effects of AD neuropathology (i.e., brain amyloidosis, tauopathy, and neurodegeneration) on neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning neural excitation/inhibition and neurotransmission as well as brain network dynamics, synchronization, and functional connectivity, reflecting thalamocortical and corticocortical residual capacity. Converging evidence shows relationships between abnormalities in EEG/MEG markers and cognitive deficits in groups of AD patients at different disease stages. The supporting evidence for the application of electrophysiology in AD clinical research as well as drug discovery pathways warrants an international initiative to include the use of EEG/MEG biomarkers in the main multicentric projects planned in AD patients, to produce conclusive findings challenging the present regulatory requirements and guidelines for AD studies.