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Öğe Consensus and diversity in the management of varicocele for male infertility: Results of a global practice survey and comparison with guidelines and recommendations(Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology, 2022) Shah, Rupin; Agarwal, Ashok; Kavoussi, Parviz; Rambhatla, Amarnath; Saleh, Ramadan; Cannarella, Rossella; Harraz, Ahmed M.; Boitrelle, Florence; Kuroda, Shinnosuke; Hamoda, Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid; Zini, Armand; Ko, Edmund; Çalık, Gökhan; Toprak, Tuncay; Kandil, Hussein; Gül, Murat; Bakırcıoğlu, Mustafa Emre; Parekh, Neel; Russo, Giorgio Ivan; Tadros, Nicholas; Kadıoğlu, Ateş; Arafa, Mohamed; Chung, Eric; Rajmil, Osvaldo; Dimitriadis, Fotios; Malhotra, Vineet; Salvio, Gianmaria; Henkel, Ralf; Le, Tan V.; Sogutdelen, Emrullah; Vij, Sarah; Alarbid, Abdullah; Güdeloğlu, Ahmet; Tsujimura, Akira; Calogero, Aldo E.; El Meliegy, Amr; Crafa, Andrea; Kalkanlı, Arif; Baser, Aykut; Hazır, Berk; Giulioni, Carlo; Cho, Chak-Lam; Ho, Christopher C.K.; Salzano, Ciro; Zylbersztejn, Daniel Suslik; Tien, Dung Mai Ba; Pescatori, Edoardo; Borges, Edson; Saïs-Hamza, Eminej; Huyghe, Eric; Ceyhan, Erman; Caroppo, Ettore; Castiglioni, Fabrizio; Bahar, Fahmi; Gökalp, Fatih; Lombardo, Francesco; Gadda, Franco; Duarsa, Gede Wirya Kusuma; Pinggera, Germar-Michael; Busetto, Gian Maria; Balercia, Giancarlo; Cito, Gianmartin; Blecher, Gideon; Franco, Giorgio; Liguori, Giovanni; Elbardisi, Haitham; Keskin, Hakan; Lin, Haocheng; Taniguchi, Hisanori; Park, Hyun Jun; Ziouziou, Imad; de la Rosette, Jean J. M. C. H.; Hotaling, Jim; Ramsay, Jonathan; Molina, Juan Manuel Corral; Lo, Ka Lun; Böcü, Kadir; Khalafalla, Kareim; Bowa, Kasonde; Okada, Keisuke; Nagao, Koichi; Chiba, Koji; Hakim, Lukman; Makarounis, Konstantinos; Hehemann, Marah; Peña, Marcelo Rodriguez; Falcone, Marco; Bendayan, Marion; Martinez, Marlon; Timpano, Massimiliano; Altan, Mesut; Fode, Mikkel; Al-Marhoon, Mohamed S.; Gilani, Mohammad Ali Sadighi; Soebadi, Mohammad Ayodhia; Gherabi, Nazim; Sofikitis, Nikolaos; Kahraman, Oğuzhan; Birowo, Ponco; Kothari, Priyank; Sindhwani, Puneet; Javed, Qaisar; Ambar, Rafael F.; Kosgi, Raghavender; Ghayda, Ramy Abou; Adriansjah, Ricky; Condorelli, Rosita Angela; La Vignera, Sandro; Micic, Sava; Kim, Shannon Hee Kyung; Fukuhara, Shinichiro; Ahn, Sun Tae; Mostafa, Taymour; Ong, Teng Aik; Takeshima, Teppei; Amano, Toshiyasu; Barrett, Trenton; Arslan, Umut; Karthikeyan, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan; Atmoko, Widi; Yumura, Yasushi; Yuan, Yiming; Kato, Yuki; Jezek, Davor; Cheng, Bryan Kwun-Chung; Hatzichristodoulou, Georgios; Dy, Jun; Castañé, Eduard Ruiz; El-Sakka, Ahmed I.; Nguyen, Quang; Sarıkaya, Selçuk; Boeri, Luca; Tan, Ronny; Moussa, Mohamad A.; El-Assmy, Ahmed; Alali, Hamed; Alhathal, Naif; Osman, Yasser; Perovic, Dragoljub; Sajadi, Hesamoddin; Akhavizadegan, Hamed; Vu?ini?, Miroslav; Kattan, Said; Kattan, Mohamed S.; Mogharabian, Nasser; Phuoc, Nguyen Ho Vinh; Ngoo, Kay Seong; Alkandari, Mohammad H.; Alsuhaibani, Shaheed; Sokolakis, Ioannis; Babaei, Mehdi; King, Mak Siu; Diemer, Thorsten; Gava, Marcelo M.; Henrique, Raphael; Spinola e Silva, Rodrigo; Paul, Gustavo Marquesine; Mierzwa, Tiago Cesar; Glina, Sidney; Siddiqi, Kashif; Wu, Han; Wurzacher, Jana; Farkouh, Ala'a; Son, Hwancheol; Minhas, Suks; Lee, Joe; Magsanoc, Nikko; Capogrosso, Paolo; Capogrosso, Paolo; Albano, German Jose; Lewis, Sheena E.M.; Jayasena, Channa N.; Alvarez, Juan G.; Teo, Colin; Smith, Ryan P.; Chua, Jo Ben M.; Jensen, Christian Fuglesang S.; Parekattil, Sijo; Finelli, Renata; Durairajanayagam, Damayanthi; Karna, Keshab Kumar; Ahmed, Abdelkareem; Evenson, Don; Umemoto, Yukihiro; Puigvert, Ana; Çeker, Gökhan; Colpi, Giovanni M.; Rolitsky, Sarah; Bouzouita, Abderrazak; Shokeir, Ahmed; Aşçı, Ahmet; Bouker, Amin; Adamyan, Aram; Avoyan, Armen E.; Palani, Ayad; Aghamajidi, Azin; Eze, Balantine; Noegroho, Bambang Sasongko; Purnomo, Basuki; Erkan, Bircan Kolbaşı; Zilaitiene, Birute; Kulaksız, Deniz; Kafetzis, Dimitrios; Lee, Dong Sup; Stember, Doron; Evgeni, Evangelini; Alhajeri, Faisal; Finocchi, Federica; Colombo, Fulvio; Tsangaris, George; Sallam, Hassan N.; Acosta, Herik; Rosas, Israel Maldonado; Kirkman-Brown, Jackson; Shin, Jae Il; Sonksen, Jens; Dong, Jie; Marmar, Joel; Moreno-Sepulveda, Jose; Seo, Ju Tae; Aydos, Kaan; Kesari, Kavindra Kumar; Trost, Landon; Jenkins, Lawrence; Rocco, Lucia; Darbandi, Mahsa; Simopoulou, Mara; Alves, Marco; Sabbaghian, Marjan; Tavalaee, Marziyeh; Razi, Mazdak; Duran, Mesut Berkan; Nago, Mitsuru; Elkhouly, Mohamed; Khalili, Mohamed; Nasr-Esfahani, Mohammad Hossein; Kamath, Mohan S.; Uğur, Muhammet Raşit; Park, Nam Cheol; Cruz, Natalio; Garrido, Nicolas; Sodeifi, Niloofar; Al Khalidi, Noora; Shoshany, Ohad; Satyagraha, Paksi; Drakopoulos, Panagiotos; Vogiatzi, Paraskevi; Dolati, Parisa; Das, Partha; Chiu, Peter Ka-Fung; Tsioulou, Petroula A.; Patel, Premal; Singh, Rajender; Kaiyal, Raneen Sawaid; Santos, Ferreira; Dada, Rima; Brodjonegoro, Sakti; Banihani, Saleem Ali; Schon, Samantha; Darbandi, Sara; Güneş, Sezgin; Homa, Sheryl; Mutambirwa, Shingai; Roychoudhury, Shubhadeep; Diaz, Sofia Ines Leonardi; Gopalakrishnan, Sreelatha; Krawetz, Stephen; Jindal, Sunil; Avidor-Reiss, Tomer; Lin, Tsung Yen; Kumar, Vijay; Ibrahim, Wael; Kerkeni, Walid; Woo, Wongi; Morimoto, Yoshiharu; Cheng, Yu-ShengPurpose: Varicocele is a common problem among infertile men. Varicocele repair (VR) is frequently performed to improve semen parameters and the chances of pregnancy. However, there is a lack of consensus about the diagnosis, indications for VR and its outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore global practice patterns on the management of varicocele in the context of male infertility. Materials and Methods: Sixty practicing urologists/andrologists from 23 countries contributed 382 multiple-choice-questions pertaining to varicocele management. These were condensed into an online questionnaire that was forwarded to clinicians involved in male infertility management through direct invitation. The results were analyzed for disagreement and agreement in practice patterns and, compared with the latest guidelines of international professional societies (American Urological Association [AUA], American Society for Reproductive Medicine [ASRM], and European Association of Urology [EAU]), and with evidence emerging from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Additionally, an expert opinion on each topic was provided based on the consensus of 16 experts in the field. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 574 clinicians from 59 countries. The majority of respondents were urologists/uro-andrologists. A wide diversity of opinion was seen in every aspect of varicocele diagnosis, indications for repair, choice of technique, management of sub-clinical varicocele and the role of VR in azoospermia. A significant proportion of the responses were at odds with the recommendations of AUA, ASRM, and EAU. A large number of clinical situations were identified where no guidelines are available. Conclusions: This study is the largest global survey performed to date on the clinical management of varicocele for male infertility. It demonstrates: 1) a wide disagreement in the approach to varicocele management, 2) large gaps in the clinical practice guidelines from professional societies, and 3) the need for further studies on several aspects of varicocele management in infertile men.Öğe Global practice patterns and variations in the medical and surgical management of non-obstructive azoospermia: results of a world-wide survey, guidelines and expert recommendations(2025) Rambhatla, Amarnath; Shah, Rupin; Ziouziou, Imad; Kothari, Priyank; Salvio, Gianmaria; Gül, Murat; Hamoda, Taha; Kavoussi, Parviz; Atmoko, Widi; Toprak, Tuncay; Birowo, Ponco; Ko, Edmund; Arafa, Mohamed; Ghayda, Ramy Abou; Karthikeyan, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan; Russo, Giorgio Ivan; Pinggera, Germar Michael; Chung, Eric; Harraz, Ahmed M.; Martinez, Marlon; Phuoc, Nguyen Ho Vinh; Tadros, Nicholas; Saleh, Ramadan; Savira, Missy; Colpi, Giovanni M.; Zohdy, Wael; Pescatori, Edoardo; Park, Hyun Jun; Fukuhara, Shinichiro; Tsujimura, Akira; Rojas Cruz, Cesar; Marino, Angelo; Mak, Siu King; Amar, Edouard; Ibrahim, Wael; Sindhwani, Puneet; Alhathal, Naif; Busetto, Gian Maria; Al Hashimi, Manaf; El-Sakka, Ahmed; Ramazan, Asci; Dimitriadis, Fotios; Timpano, Massimiliano; Jezek, Davor; Altay, Barış; Zylbersztejn, Daniel Suslik; Wong, Michael Y.C.; Moon, Du Geon; Wyns, Christine; Gamidov, Safar; Akhavizadegan, Hamed; Franceschelli, Alessandro; Aydos, Kaan; Quang, Nguyen; Ashour, Shedeed; Al Dayel, Adel; Al Marhoon, Mohammed S.; Micic, Sava; Binsaleh, Saleh; Hussein, Alayman; Elbardisi, Haitham; Mostafa, Taymour; Ramsay, Jonathan; Zachariou, Athanasios; Abdelrahman, Islam Fathy Soliman; Rajmil, Osvaldo; Kalkanlı, Arif; Molina, Juan Manuel Corral; Böcü, Kadir; Duarsa, Gede Wirya Kusuma; Çeker, Gökhan; Şerefoğlu, Ege Can; Bahar, Fahmi; Gherabi, Nazım; Kuroda, Shinnosuke; Bouzouita, Abderrazak; Güdeloğlu, Ahmet; Ceyhan, Erman; Hasan, Mohamed Saeed Mohamed; Musa, Muhammad Ujudud; Motawi, Ahmad; Cho, Chak-Lam; Taniguchi, Hisanori; Ho, Christopher Chee Kong; Vazquez, Jesus Fernando Solorzano; Mutambirwa, Shingai; Dokuzeylül Güngör, Nur; Bendayan, Marion; Giulioni, Carlo; Baser, Aykut; Falcone, Marco; Boeri, Luca; Blecher, Gideon; Kheradmand, Alireza; Sethupathy, Tamilselvi; Adriansjah, Ricky; Narimani, Nima; Konstantinidis, Charalampos; Nguyen, Tuan Thanh; Japari, Andrian; Dolati, Parisa; Singh, Keerti; Özer, Cevahir; Sarıkaya, Selçuk; Sheibak, Nadia; Bosco, Ndagijimana Jean; Özkent, Mehmet Serkan; Le, Sang Thanh; Sokolakis, Ioannis; Katz, Darren; Smith, Ryan; Truong, Manh Nguyen; Le, Tan V.; Huang, Zhongwei; Değer, Müslim Doğan; Arslan, Umut; Çalık, Gökhan; Franco, Giorgio; Rashed, Ayman; Kahraman, Oğuzhan; Andreadakis, Sotiris; Putra, Rosadi; Balercia, Giancarlo; Khalafalla, Kareim; Cannarella, Rossella; Tuân, Anh ??ng; Meliegy, Amr El; Zilaitiene, Birute; Ramirez, Marlene Lizbeth Zamora; Giacone, Filippo; Calogero, Aldo E.; Makarounis, Konstantinos; Jindal, Sunil; Hoai, Bac Nguyen; Banthia, Ravi; Peña, Marcelo Rodriguez; Moorthy, Dharani; Adamyan, Aram; Kulaksız, Deniz; Kandil, Hussein; Sofikitis, Nikolaos; Salzano, Ciro; Jungwirth, Andreas; Banka, Surendra Reddy; Mierzwa, Tiago Cesar; Turunç, Tahsin; Jain, Divyanu; Avoyan, Armen; Salacone, Pietro; Kadıoğlu, Ateş; Gupta, Chirag; Lin, Haocheng; Shamohammadi, Iman; Mogharabian, Nasser; Barrett, Trenton; Danacıoğlu, Yavuz Onur; Crafa, Andrea; Daoud, Salima; Malhotra, Vineet; Almardawi, Abdulmalik; Selim, Osama Mohamed; Moussa, Mohamad; Haghdani, Saeid; Duran, Mesut Berkan; Kunz, Yannic; Preto, Mirko; Eugeni, Elena; Nguyen, Thang; Elshahid, Ahmed Rashad; Suyono, Seso Sulijaya; Parikesit, Dyandra; Nada, Essam; Orozco, Eduardo Gutiérrez; Boitrelle, Florence; Trang, Nguyen Thi Minh; Jamali, Mounir; Nair, Raju; Ruzaev, Mikhail; Gadda, Franco; Thomas, Charalampos; Ferreira, Raphael Henrique; Gül, Ümit; Maruccia, Serena; Kanbur, Ajay; Kinzikeeva, Ella; Abumelha, Saad Mohammed; Kosgi, Raghavender; Gökalp, Fatih; Soebadi, Mohammad Ayodhia; Paul, Gustavo Marquesine; Sajadi, Hesamoddin; Gupte, Deepak; Ambar, Rafael F.; Söğütdelen, Emrullah; Singla, Karun; Basukarno, Ari; Kim, Shannon Hee Kyung; Gilani, Mohammad Ali Sadighi; Nagao, Koichi; Brodjonegoro, Sakti Ronggowardhana; Rezano, Andri; Elkhouly, Mohamed; Mazzilli, Rossella; Farsi, Hasan M.A.; Nguyen Alali, Hamed; Ba, Hung Nguyen; Alali, Hamed; Kafetzis, Dimitrios; Long, Tran Quang Tien; Alsaid, Sami; Cuong, Hoang Bao Ngoc; Oleksandr, Knigavko; Mustafa, Akhmad; Acosta, Herik; Pai, Hrishikesh; Şahin, Bahadır; Arianto, Eko; Teo, Colin; Jayaprakash, Sanjay Prakash; Rachman, Rinaldo Indra; Yenice, Mustafa Gürkan; Sefrioui, Omar; Priyadarshi, Shivam; Tanic, Marko; Alfatlaw, Noor Kareem; Rizaldi, Fikri; Vishwakarma, Ranjit B.; Kanakis, George; Cherian, Dinesh Thomas; Lee, Joe; Galstyan, Raisa; Keskin, Hakan; Wurzacher, Janan; Seno, Doddy Hami; Noegroho, Bambang S.; Margiana, Ria; Javed, Qaisar; Castiglioni, Fabrizio; Tanwar, Raman; Puigvert, Ana; Kaya, Coşkun; Purnomo, Medianto; Yazbeck, Chadi; Amir, Azwar; Borges, Edson; Bellavia, Marina; Deswanto, Isaac Ardianson; Vinod K.V.; Liguori, Giovanni; Minh, Dang Hoang; Siddiqi, Kashif; Colombo, Fulvio; Zini, Armand; Patel, Niket; Çayan, Selahittin; Al Kawaz, Ula; Ragab, Maged; Hebrard, Guadalupe Hernández; de la Rosette, Jean J. M. C. H.; Efesoy, Ozan; Hoffmann, Ivan; Teixeira, Thiago Afonso; Saylam, Barış; Delgadillo, Daniela; Agarwal, AshokPurpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common, but complex problem, with multiple therapeutic options and a lack of clear guidelines. Hence, there is considerable controversy and marked variation in the management of NOA. This survey evaluates contemporary global practices related to medical and surgical management for patients with NOA. Materials and Methods: A 56-question online survey covering various aspects of the evaluation and management of NOA was sent to specialists around the globe. This paper analyzes the results of the second half of the survey dealing with the management of NOA. Results have been compared to current guidelines, and expert recommendations have been provided using a Delphi process. Results: Participants from 49 countries submitted 336 valid responses. Hormonal therapy for 3 to 6 months was suggested before surgical sperm retrieval (SSR) by 29.6% and 23.6% of participants for normogonadotropic hypogonadism and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism respectively. The SSR rate was reported as 50.0% by 26.0% to 50.0% of participants. Interestingly, 46.0% reported successful SSR in <10% of men with Klinefelter syndrome and 41.3% routinely recommended preimplantation genetic testing. Varicocele repair prior to SSR is recommended by 57.7%. Half of the respondents (57.4%) reported using ultrasound to identify the most vascularized areas in the testis for SSR. One-third proceed directly to microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE) in every case of NOA while others use a staged approach. After a failed conventional TESE, 23.8% wait for 3 months, while 33.1% wait for 6 months before proceeding to mTESE. The cut-off of follicle-stimulating hormone for positive SSR was reported to be 12-19 IU/mL by 22.5% of participants and 20-40 IU/mL by 27.8%, while 31.8% reported no upper limit. Conclusions: This is the largest survey to date on the real-world medical and surgical management of NOA by reproductive experts. It demonstrates a diverse practice pattern and highlights the need for evidence-based international consensus guidelines.Öğe Global practice patterns in the evaluation of non-obstructive azoospermia: results of a world-wide survey and expert recommendations(2024) Shah, Rupin; Rambhatla, Amarnath; Atmoko, Widi; Martinez, Marlon; Ziouziou, Imad; Kothari, Priyank; Tadros, Nicholas; Phuoc, Nguyen Ho Vinh; Kavoussi, Parviz; Harraz, Ahmed; Salvio, Gianmaria; Gül, Murat; Hamoda, Taha; Toprak, Tuncay; Birowo, Ponco; Ko, Edmund; Arafa, Mohamed; Ghayda, Ramy Abou; Karthikeyan, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan; Saleh, Ramadan; Russo, Giorgio Ivan; Pinggera, Germar Michael; Chung, Eric; Savira, Missy; Colpi, Giovanni M.; Zohdy, Wael; Pescatori, Edoardo; Park, Hyun Jun; Fukuhara, Shinichiro; Tsujimura, Akira; Rojas Cruz, Cesar; Marino, Angelo; Mak, Siu King; Amar, Edouard; Ibrahim, Wael; Sindhwani, Puneet; Alhathal, Naif; Busetto, Gian Maria; Al Hashimi, Manaf; El Sakka, Ahmed; Aşcı, Ramazan; Dimitriadis, Fotios; Timpano, Massimiliano; Jezek, Davor; Altay, Barış; Zylbersztejn, Daniel Suslik; Wong, Michael Y.C.; Moon, Du Geon; Wyns, Christine; Gamidov, Safar; Akhavizadegan, Hamed; Franceschelli, Alessandro; Aydos, Kaan; Quang, Vinh Nguyen; Ashour, Shedeed; Al Dayel, Adel; Al Marhoon, Mohamed S.; Micic, Sava; Binsaleh, Saleh; Hussein, Alayman; Elbardisi, Haitham; Mostafa, Taymour; Taha, Emad; Ramsay, Jonathan; Zachariou, Athanasios; Abdelrahman, Islam Fathy Soliman; Rajmil, Osvaldo; Kalkanlı, Arif; Molina, Juan Manuel Corral; Böcü, Kadir; Duarsa, Gede Wirya Kusuma; Çeker, Gökhan; Şerefoğlu, Ege Can; Bahar, Fahmi; Gherabi, Nazim; Kuroda, Shinnosuke; Bouzouita, Abderrazak; Güdeloğlu, Ahmet; Ceyhan, Erman; Hasan, Mohamed Saeed Mohamed; Musa, Muhammad Ujudud; Motawi, Ahmad; Chak Lam, Cho; Taniguchi, Hisanori; Ho, Christopher Chee Kong; Vazquez, Jesus Fernando Solorzano; Mutambirwa, Shingai; Dokuzeylül Güngör, Nur; Bendayan, Marion; Giulioni, Carlo; Baser, Aykut; Falcone, Marco; Boeri, Luca; Blecher, Gideon; Kheradmand, Alireza; Sethupathy, Tamilselvi; Adriansjah, Ricky; Narimani, Nima; Konstantinidis, Charalampos; Nguyen, Tuan Thanh; Japari, Andrian; Dolati, Parisa; Singh, Keerti; Özer, Cevahir; Sarıkaya, Selçuk; Sheibak, Nadia; Bosco, Ndagijimana Jean; Özkent, Mehmet Serkan; Le, Sang Thanh; Sokolakis, Ioannis; Katz, Darren; Smith, Ryan; Truong, Manh Nguyen; Le, Tan V.; Huang, Zhongwei; Değer, Müslim Doğan; Arslan, Umut; Çalık, Gökhan; Franco, Giorgio; Rashed, Ayman; Kahraman, Oğuzhan; Andreadakis, Sotiris; Putra, Rosadi; Balercia, Giancarlo; Khalafalla, Kareim; Cannarella, Rossella; Tuan, Anh ?ang; Meliegy, Amr El; Zilaitiene, Birute; Ramirez, Marlene Lizbeth Zamora; Giacone, Filippo; Calogero, Aldo E.; Makarounis, Konstantinos; Jindal, Sunil; Hoai, Bac Nguyen; Banthia, Ravi; Peña, Marcelo Rodriguez; Moorthy, Dharani; Adamyan, Aram; Kulaksız, Deniz; Kandil, Hussein; Sofikitis, Nikolaos; Salzano, Ciro; Jungwirth, Andreas; Banka, Surendra Reddy; Mierzwa, Tiago Cesar; Turunç, Tahsin; Jain, Divyanu; Avoyan, Armen; Salacone, Pietro; Kadıoğlu, Ateş; Gupta, Chirag; Lin, Haocheng; Shamohammadi, Iman; Mogharabian, Nasser; Barrett, Trenton; Danacıoğlu, Yavuz Onur; Crafa, Andrea; Daoud, Salima; Malhotra, Vineet; Almardawi, Abdulmalik; Selim, Osama Mohamed; Moussa, Mohamad; Haghdani, Saeid; Duran, Mesut Berkan; Kunz, Yannic; Preto, Mirko; Eugeni, Elena; Nguyen, Thang; Elshahid, Ahmed Rashad; Suyono, Seso Sulijaya; Parikesit, Dyandra; Nada, Essam; Orozco, Eduardo Gutiérrez; Boitrelle, Florence; Trang, Nguyen Thi Minh; Jamali, Mounir; Nair, Raju; Ruzaev, Mikhail; Gadda, Franco; Thomas, Charalampos; Ferreira, Raphael Henrique; Gül, Ümit; Maruccia, Serena; Kanbur, Ajay; Kinzikeeva, Ella; Abumelha, Saad; Quang, Nguyen; Kosgi, Raghavender; Gökalp, Fatih; Soebadi, Mohammad Ayodhia; Paul, Gustavo Marquesine; Sajadi, Hesamoddin; Gupte, Deepak; Ambar, Rafael F.; Söğütdelen, Emrullah; Singla, Karun; Basurkano, Ari; Kim, Shannon Hee Kyung; Gilani, Mohammad Ali Sadigh; Nagao, Koichi; Brodjonegoro, Sakti Ronggowardhana; Rezano, Andri; Elkhouly, Mohamed; Mazzilli, Rossella; Farsi, Hasan M.A.; Ba, Hung Nguyen; Alali, Hamed; Kafetzis, Dimitrios; Long, Tran Quang Tien; Alsaid, Sami; Cuong, Hoang Bao Ngoc; Oleksandr, Knigavko; Mustafa, Akhmad; Acosta, Herik; Pai, Hrishikesh; Şahin, Bahadır; Arianto, Eko; Teo, Colin; Jayaprakash, Sanjay Prakash; Rachman, Rinaldo Indra; Yenice, Mustafa Gürkan; Sefrioui, Omar; Paghdar, Smit; Priyadarshi, Shivam; Tanic, Marko; Alfatlawy, Noor Kareem; Rizaldi, Fikri; Vishwakarma, Ranjit B.; Kanakis, George; Cherian, Dinesh Thomas; Lee, Joe; Galstyan, Raisa; Keskin, Hakan; Wurzacher, Jana; Seno, Doddy Hami; Noegroho, Bambang S.; Margiana, Ria; Javed, Qaisar; Castiglioni, Fabrizio; Tanwar, Raman; Puigvert, Ana; Kaya, Coşkun; Purnomo, Medianto; Yazbeck, Chadi; Amir, Azwar; Borges, Edson; Bellavia, Marina; Deswanto, Isaac Ardianson; Vinod K.V.; Liguori, Giovanni; Minh, Dang Hoang; Siddiqi, Kashif; Colombo, Fulvio; Zini, Armand; Patel, Niket; Çayan, Selahittin; Al Kawaz, Ula; Ragab, Maged; Hebrard, Guadalupe Hernández; Hoffmann, Ivan; Efesoy, Ozan; Saylam, Barış; Agarwal, AshokPurpose: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) represents the persistent absence of sperm in ejaculate without obstruction, stemming from diverse disease processes. This survey explores global practices in NOA diagnosis, comparing them with guidelines and offering expert recommendations. Materials and Methods: A 56-item questionnaire survey on NOA diagnosis and management was conducted globally from July to September 2022. This paper focuses on part 1, evaluating NOA diagnosis. Data from 367 participants across 49 countries were analyzed descriptively, with a Delphi process used for expert recommendations. Results: Of 336 eligible responses, most participants were experienced attending physicians (70.93%). To diagnose azoospermia definitively, 81.7% requested two semen samples. Commonly ordered hormone tests included serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (97.0%), total testosterone (92.9%), and luteinizing hormone (86.9%). Genetic testing was requested by 66.6%, with karyotype analysis (86.2%) and Y chromosome microdeletions (88.3%) prevalent. Diagnostic testicular biopsy, distinguishing obstructive azoospermia (OA) from NOA, was not performed by 45.1%, while 34.6% did it selectively. Differentiation relied on physical examination (76.1%), serum hormone profiles (69.6%), and semen tests (68.1%). Expectations of finding sperm surgically were higher in men with normal FSH, larger testes, and a history of sperm in ejaculate. Conclusions: This expert survey, encompassing 367 participants from 49 countries, unveils congruence with recommended guidelines in NOA diagnosis. However, noteworthy disparities in practices suggest a need for evidence-based, international consensus guidelines to standardize NOA evaluation, addressing existing gaps in professional recommendations.Öğe The renaissance of male infertility management in the golden age of andrology(Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology, 2023) Calogero, Aldo E.; Cannarella, Rossella; Agarwal, Ashok; Hamoda, Taha Abo-Almagd Abdel-Meguid; Rambhatla, Amarnath; Saleh, Ramadan; Boitrelle, Florence; Ziouziou, Imad; Toprak, Tuncay; Gül, Murat; Avidor-Reiss, Tomer; Kavoussi, Parviz; Chung, Eric; Birowo, Ponco; Ghayda, Ramy Abou; Ko, Edmund; Colpi, Giovanni; Dimitriadis, Fotios; Russo, Giorgio Ivan; Martinez, Marlon; Çalik, Gökhan; Kandil, Hussein; Salvio, Gianmaria; Mostafa, Taymour; Lin, Haocheng; Park, Hyun Jun; Gherabi, Nazim; Phuoc, Nguyen Ho Vinh; Quang, Nguyen; Adriansjah, Ricky; La Vignera, Sandro; Micic, Sava; Durairajanayagam, Damayanthi; Şerefoglu, Ege Can; Karthikeyan, Vilvapathy Senguttuvan; Kothari, Priyank; Atmoko, Widi; Shah, RupinInfertility affects nearly 186 million people worldwide and the male partner is the cause in about half of the cases. Meta-regression data indicate an unexplained decline in sperm concentration and total sperm count over the last four decades, with an increasing prevalence of male infertility. This suggests an urgent need to implement further basic and clinical research in Andrology. Andrology developed as a branch of urology, gynecology, endocrinology, and, dermatology. The first scientific journal devoted to andrological sciences was founded in 1969. Since then, despite great advancements, andrology has encountered several obstacles in its growth. In fact, for cultural reasons, the male partner has often been neglected in the diagnostic and therapeutic workup of the infertile couple. Furthermore, the development of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) has driven a strong impression that this biotechnology can overcome all forms of infertility, with a common belief that having a spermatozoon from a male partner (a sort of sperm donor) is all that is needed to achieve pregnancy. However, clinical practice has shown that the quality of the male gamete is important for a successful ART outcome. Furthermore, the safety of ART has been questioned because of the high prevalence of comorbidities in the offspring of ART conceptions compared to spontaneous conceptions. These issues have paved the way for more research and a greater understanding of the mechanisms of spermatogenesis and male infertility. Consequently, numerous discoveries have been made in the field of andrology, ranging from genetics to several "omics"technologies, oxidative stress and sperm DNA fragmentation, the sixth edition of the WHO manual, artificial intelligence, management of azoospermia, fertility in cancers survivors, artificial testis, 3D printing, gene engineering, stem cells therapy for spermatogenesis, and reconstructive microsurgery and seminal microbiome. Nevertheless, as many cases of male infertility remain idiopathic, further studies are required to improve the clinical management of infertile males. A multidisciplinary strategy involving both clinicians and scientists in basic, translational, and clinical research is the core principle that will allow andrology to overcome its limits and reach further goals. This state-of-the-art article aims to present a historical review of andrology, and, particularly, male infertility, from its "Middle Ages"to its "Renaissance", a golden age of andrology.
