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Öğe A novel approach in the treatment of osteoarthritis: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Allium sativum microemulsion(Wiley, 2022) Okur, Mehmet Evren; Kolbaşı, Bircan; Şahin, Mustafa; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Reis, Rengin; Çağlar, Emre Şefik; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Sipahi, Hande; Keskin, İlknur; Demiralp, Bahtiyar; Üstündağ Okur, NeslihanOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent kind of joint disease, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Allium sativum L. was used as a therapeutic agent in the microemulsion system against osteoarthritis due to allicin's high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. HPLC was used to evaluate the chemical components of the Allium sativum methanol extract. Water-in-oil (w/o) type of microemulsions loaded with Allium sativum extract was produced. To create the microemulsions, a titration approach was employed. The microemulsions were prepared using isopropyl myristate (IPM) as oil, Polysorbate 60, Sorbitan monolaurate 80 as surfactants, and Polyethylene glycol 400, ethanol as cosurfactants. The pH, droplet size, viscosity, polydispersity index values were measured to characterize of microemulsions. In addition, L929 healthy mouse fibroblasts and CHON-001 healthy human cartilage fibroblast cells were tested for cytocompatibility in vitro. The therapeutic potential of Allium sativum microemulsion was investigated in rats that had osteoarthritis surgically simulated. HPLC analysis revealed a significant concentration of allicin in the extract. The titration approach was used to create an A. sativum microemulsion (AS) with a narrow droplet size and PDI range. In L929 and CHON-001 cells, cytocompatibility experiments revealed that the maximum dosages of AS microemulsion 5% (v/v) exerted 93.41 +/- 3.11% and 75.59 +/- 2.69% cell viabilities, respectively. Different concentrations of AS (1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% v/v) demonstrated cytoprotective efficacy against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. When compared to the control group, in vivo investigations revealed fewer irregularities on the articular surface and typically arranged chondrocytes in the positive control and treated groups.Öğe Anticancer properties of phenylboronic acid in androgen-dependent (lncap) and androgen-independent (pc3) prostate cancer cells via map kinases by 2d and 3d culture methods(2025) Gürsoy Gürgen, Duygu; Güneş, Arzu; Köse, Oğuzhan; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Karabulut, Seda; Tunalı, Muzaffer Başak; Keskin, İlknurObjective: This study utilized three cell lines: normal prostate epithelial RWPE-1, androgen-dependent LNCaP, and androgen-independent PC3. We investigated the inhibitory effects of phenylboronic acid (PBA)’s inhibitory effect on cellular proliferation due to its ability to disrupt microtubule formation in prostate cancer cell lines. Additionally, this study aimed to assess the cytotoxic effects of PBA on prostate cancer cells using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models. Methods: The IC50 values of PBA and colchicine were determined through viability assays in 2D and 3D models. Colony formation, proliferation, and migration assays were conducted. Immunofluorescence intensity analysis of MAPKKK proteins (ERK, JNK, p38) was performed to explore the mechanism of cellular response to PBA. Results: The IC50 values were determined for each treatment group. After 48-hour of PBA treatment, migration was inhibited more effectively than with colchicine in both cancer cell lines. After 24-hour, PBA reduced colony formation and proliferation. PBA treatment for 24-hour decreased JNK expression in PC3 and LNCaP cells in 2D models. Both PBA and colchicine increased p38 expression in PC3 spheroids. PBA’s effects on cell deformation were visualized in semi-thin sections, marking the first ultrastructural observation of PBA-induced morphological defects in cancer cells. Conclusion: PBA exerts antimitotic effects by inhibiting proliferation and migration and triggers diverse metabolic responses across different cell lines. Furthermore, PBA’s low toxicity on RWPE-1 cells suggests its potential as a promising chemotherapeutic agent for future studies.Öğe Bone and cartilage stereology(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Kaya, Ayşenur; Altun, Gamze; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Kaya, Sefa Ersan; Tüfekçi, Kıymet Kübra; Kaplan, SüleymanOsteoarthritis is a disease associated with the degeneration of articular cartilage. Cartilage can be evaluated histomorphometrically by measuring parameters such as cartilage thickness, calcified cartilage area, and chondrocyte density. Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass density and disordered organization of bone microstructural elements. Mineral density and measurement of bone mass are therefore important in the evaluation of osteoporosis. Stereological methods are frequently used in the histomorphometric examination of these tissues. These methods used in osteoporosis allow histomorphometric parameters such as bone volume and trabecular thickness to be determined. Stereological methods, which provide information about three-dimensional structure based on data obtained from two-dimensional sections, are repeatable in terms of involving unbiased measurements and yielding results close to real values. Stereological methods applied to sections of bone and cartilage tissue provide data concerning volume, surface area, and numerical density. The isector method, the Cavalieri method, and the optical disector/fractianotor methods are frequently applied stereological approaches in this context. Additionally, measurement can be performed using stereological methods applied to micrographs obtained from electron microscopic sections and to radiological images such as MRI and tomography. Quantitative evaluations are important in providing information about critical processes related to bone and cartilage damage. This chapter provides up-to-date information concerning the modification of stereological methods of examining bone and cartilage regeneration, along with current laboratory applications. Innovative applications of stereological methods may yield promising results regarding new treatment approaches related to bone and cartilage remodeling.Öğe Estimation of section thickness for stereological analysis(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Kaplan, Arife AhsenStereology is the gold standard technique for producing statistically valid data used to accurately estimate a quantitative parameter such as number, length, or volume. Sampling and counting techniques are important steps in performing stereological analysis without making assumptions. Microscopic techniques are performed to measure morphological parameters in health science studies to understand the development, aging and renewal processes in biological structures. Physical and optical disector counting methods are the most commonly used stereological techniques for unbiased counting of biological structures in tissue. In the disector method, section thickness is important for the disector volume and accurate estimation. Also, it can be measured using automatic systems or manual methods. In this chapter, methods for measuring section thickness are explained.Öğe Is vagal stimulation or inhibition benefit on the regulation of the stomach brain axis in obesity?(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Alkan, Işınsu; Altunkaynak, Berrin Zuhal; Kıvrak, Elfide Gizem; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Arslan, GülayObjective:Possible effects of the vagus inhibition and stimulation on the hypothalamic nuclei, myenteric plexes and the vagus nerve were investigated. Methods:The female rats divided to the inhibition (INH), stimulation (STI) and, sham (SHAM) groups were fed with high fat diet (including 40% of energy from animal fat). After nine weeks, the rats were allowed to recover for 4 weeks in INH group. In STI group, the left vagus nerve stimulated (30 Hz/500 msn/30 sec.) starting 2nd post operative day for 5 minutes during 4 weeks. Healthy female rats used as control (CONT). Then, tissue samples were analyzed by biochemical, histological and stereological methods. Results:The mean number of the neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the INH group was significantly less; but, that is significantly more in the STI group compared to the other groups. The neuronal density of ventromedial nucleus in the STI group was higher; while the density in the INH group was lower than the other groups. In the dorsomedial nucleus, neuron density of the INH group was lower than the other groups. In terms of the myenteric plexus volumes, that of the INH group was lowest. The myelinated axon number in the INH group was significantly highest. The myelin sheath thickness and axon area of the INH group was significantly lower than the other groups. Discussion:The results of the study show that the vagal inhibition is more effective than the vagal stimulation on the weight loss in the obesity.Öğe Kidney stereology(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Shah, Sandip; Altun, Gamze; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Tüfekçi, Kıymet Kübra; Kaplan, SüleymanKidneys are the retroperitoneal organs that are considered an important organ to regulate homeostasis in our body. Nephrons (uriniferous tubules) are functional units and fundamental structures of the kidney. The total nephron counts are clinically important, as reported by various researches. Preterm birth with low birth weight is associated with reduced nephron number, which results in hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Analyses based on the stereology of the kidney are considered one of the accurate techniques for counting uriniferous tubules. Many researchers still find it difficulties to use stereological methods of counting due to a lack of understanding of statistics and their fear of numbers. The great advantage of modern stereological techniques is to make stereology easier to use. This is due to the innovation of special microscopy techniques such as electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscope, or light microscope, which are equipped with video cameras and computers. Such devices would allow researchers using stereological techniques for kidney morphology.Öğe Momordica charantia enhances tendon healing in rats: an experimental study(2024) Erdoğan, Furkan; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Coşkun, Hüseyin Sina; Altun, Gamze; Altunkaynak, Berrin Zuhal; Kelsaka, Ebru; Kaplan, Süleyman; Pişkin, AhmetMomordica charantia (MC) is a traditional plant widely used since ancient times for wound healing. This study evaluated its potential effects on tendon healing. Adult male Wistar albino rats (n = 32, 8 rats in each group) were anesthetized, and their Achilles tendons were prepared for surgical procedures. Group 1 (Cont = control group) was not subjected to any surgery and was used as a control group for baseline values. Group 2 (PR = primary repair group) underwent primary repair (PR) with a monofilament suture after a full-thickness incision of the Achilles tendon. A full-thickness incision was also made to the Achilles tendon of group 3 (CT = collagen tube-administered group), followed by PR and collagen tube insertion. In group 4 (MC = M. charantia-administered group), 1 mL of MC extract was applied locally on the collagen tube in addition to the surgical procedure applied to group 3. The Achilles tendons were excised on the postoperative 40th day and examined stereologically, histologically, and bioinformatically. Data showed that the total volume of the collagen fibers was higher in MC and CT groups than in the PR group. The total volume of the tendon was decreased in MC and CT groups than in the Cont group. The ratios between the volumes of the collagen fibers and total tendon in the MC and CT groups were significantly different from PR, but not different from the Cont group. Additionally, MC improved tenoblastic activity, collagen production, and neovascularization. Bioinformatic interactions showed that the proteases of MC could trigger the signals playing a role on vasculogenesis, reducing inflammation, and contributing to tenoblast activation and collagen remodeling. MC extract ameliorates the healing of injured tendon and can provide satisfactory tendon repair. Further works are recommended to explore the healing capacity of MC.Öğe Neuroprotective effects of melatonin and omega-3 on the central nervous system exposed to electromagnetic fields in the pre- and postnatal periods(Academic Press Ltd-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Yurt, Kıymet Kübra; Kıvrak, Elfide Gizem; Altun, Gamze; Aktaş, Abit; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Kaplan, Süleyman[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Physical and optical disectors(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Altun, Gamze; Elamin, Abdalla Ahmed Eldaw; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Kipanyula, Maulilio J.; Kaya, Sefa Ersan; Kaplan, SüleymanIn morphometric studies, two-dimensional histological sections are evaluated using designbased stereological methods in order to obtain three-dimensional structural information about the tissue. The stereology is a combination of geometric measurements and statistical sampling principles. The basis of stereological applications is the idea that the samples selected for analysis represent the whole structure. One of the most critical parameters in any organ or tissue is "number." Numerical data in biological structures can be obtained using the "disector" method. This provides data concerning the numerical density of particles in three-dimensional structures and yields information about the structural and functional connections of the biological tissue in question. The disector method is applied in two ways: physical disector and optical disector. The physical disector method involves the examination of two consecutive sections, while consecutive thick sections are used in the optical disector method. Both methods employ an unbiased counting frame to ensure that each particle is counted only once. This chapter provides definitions of the physical disector and optical disector methods and discusses their application to light and electron microscopic images in detail.Öğe Physical and optical fractionator techniques(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Altun, Gamze; Deniz, Ömür Gülsüm; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Kipanyula, Maulilio J.; Kaplan, SüleymanStereological approaches are based on statistics and geometry. These methods can provide information about the volume, length, surface area, and numbers of structures from measurements made from two-dimensional sections or images. Stereological techniques are applied to tissues or organs according to the principles of systematic random sampling and, therefore, provide unbiased and realistic results. The fractionator technique is frequently used to estimate the cell population of an entire organ. It estimates the number of particles irrespective of their shape, orientation, size, and distribution. There are two types of fractionators, optical and physical. The physical fractionator method uses two physically separated sections, i.e., a disector pair, while the optical fractionator method employs one thick section for particle counting. Both apply the same basic logic for tissue evaluation. The optical fractionator technique is frequently employed, especially in neurostereological studies, because of its great efficiency. The probe and sampling steps employed in estimating the cell population in a tissue or organs are of critical importance. Conducting a pilot study before starting the evaluation may be help identify the correct technique and appropriate sampling strategies. Coefficient of error and coefficient of variation values are the parameters that determine the sampling frequency and number of subjects to be analyzed. Reliable results can be obtained using the fractionator method, one of the best stereological techniques, if it possesses optimal coefficient of error and coefficient of variation values.Öğe Preliminary study on the impact of 900 MHz radiation on human sperm: an in vitro molecular approach(2024) Keskin, İlknur; Karabulut, Seda; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Alagöz, Murat; Akdeniz, Muhterem; Tüfekçi, Kıymet Kübra; Kaplan, SüleymanThe use of technologies that produce and emit electromagnetic fields (EMF) is growing exponentially worldwide. The biological effects of EMF-emitting equipment, such as mobile phones and other wireless devices, have been studied in the last decade using in vitro and in vivo methods. Infertility is a growing health problem, and nearly half of cases are because of male-factor. This study investigated the direct in vitro effects of 900 MHz radiation exposure on sperm parameters, genetic status, apoptotic markers, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in healthy normozoospermic men. Semen samples were divided into four groups, two control (30 min and 1 h) and two EMF exposure (30 min and 1 h). Sperm parameters (motility, progressive motility, acrosomal index, morphology), genetic status (DNA fragmentation and chromatin integrity), apoptotic markers (cytokine-c and caspase-3 expression) and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway (phosphoinoitide 3-kinase-PI3K- and phosphorylated AKT- p-AKT-) were analysed. Sperm motility were significantly reduced in 30 min EMF exposure while a significant increase in the expression of p-AKT were observed in 1 h EMF exposure group. An increased vacuolisation, acrosomal defect, extension of subacrosomal space, uncondensed chromatin structure, apoptotic signs and disrupted axoneme were observed in both EMF groups which were not observed in the control group. Other sperm parameters (morphology and acrosomal index), genetic status, apoptotic markers and the PI3K expression rates had no significant change.Öğe Spinal cord stereology(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Kaplan, Süleyman; Altun, Gamze; Elamin, Abdalla Ahmed Eldaw; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Marangoz, Abdullah Hilmi; Deniz, Ömür GülsümDamage to the spinal cord can lead to significant economic and psychological consequences. Morphoquantitative changes play an important role in determining damage, as well as treatment. The development of light microscopic research in parallel with technology means that morphometric evaluation of neurons, dendritic processes and nerve fibres as well as the whole spinal cord structure can be performed with design-based stereology. Stereological approaches are used for the quantitative analysis of neurodegeneration and regeneration in the central nervous system after trauma and diseases. Optical and physical disector that are stereological techniques have been used in the quantitative evaluation of motor neurons in the spinal cord. The most critical point during cell counting is to correctly classify neuron types using appropriate staining and identification methods. Stereological approaches are also effectively used in radiological evaluations such as magnetic resonance imaging. Evaluations can be performed using the Cavalieri principle in sections obtained from radiological images as well as from light microscopic section images. Unbiased stereological methods are also used for immunohistochemical evaluations. Quantitative evaluations in the spinal cord are especially important in determining the degenerative effect that occurs after injury. In addition, new nanomorphometric information can be acquired with the rotator, optical disector and physical disector methods by providing mapping at the organelle level using the immunogold labelling method. This chapter discusses studies involving the scope of spinal cord evaluation together with the stereological methods applied in radiological, histological and immunohistochemical spinal cord sections.Öğe Stereological analysis of the gastrointestinal tract(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Ahmed, Mohamed Kheir; Kaya, Ayşenur; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Deniz, Ömür Gülsüm; Önger, Mehmet Emin; Kaplan, SüleymanThis chapter provides an overview of the stereology, normal anatomy, and histology of the rat gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In addition to staining and tissue processing, various sampling protocols and stereological techniques that can be used to estimate the volume and/or volume fraction of any GIT layers, such as the Cavalieri principle, are also discussed. A number of methods are also available for calculating the numbers of any GIT cells. This chapter discusses physical and optical disectors, as well as fractionators, and how these can be applied in the GIT. Images have been added to simplify the discussion.Öğe The effects of curcumin and blueberry on axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Önger, Mehmet Emin; Kaplan, SüleymanThe purpose of this study was to analyze the axonal regeneration and therapeutic effects of curcumin and blueberry administration following peripheral nerve injury using stereological, electron microscopic and electrophysiological methods. Animals in were assigned into one of four groups - control (Cont), injury (Inj), injury+curcumin (Cur) and injury+blueberry (Blue). Following the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury (75 Newtons for 5 s) in the Inj, Cur, and Blue groups, the rats in the Cur group received intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg curcumin (Sigma C1386) and the rats in the Blue group received 4 g/kg blueberry by gavage over a four-week period. The rats in the Cont and Inj groups were not exposed to any substance. All animals were given standard chow. Sciatic functional index analyses were performed on the 14th and 28th days after injury, and electromyography (EMG) results were recorded. Stereological analysis of the nerve was performed under light microscopy. Light and electron microscopies were used for the histopathological evaluation of the sciatic nerve. Analysis of myelinated axon numbers revealed no significant differences between the Inj group and the Cur and Blue groups. However, a significant difference was observed between the Blue and Inj groups in terms of axonal areas. EMG test results differed between the Blue and the Inj groups (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the Inj and Cur groups. Electron microscopic analysis revealed protective effects of curcumin and blueberry treatment after injury. The use of the curcumin and blueberry may represent a supportive approach to the protection of nerve fibers after peripheral nerve crush injury.Öğe The effects of Garcinia kola and curcumin on the dorsal root ganglion of the diabetic rat after peripheral nerve transection injury(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Aktaş, Abit; Yiğit, Funda; Delibaş, Burcu; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Hamour, Hala Mahgoub; Marangoz, Abdullah Hilmi; Kaya, Ayşenur; Altun, Gamze; Kaplan, SüleymanObjective: To test the protective effects of Garcinia kola and curcumin on the ganglion tissues of diabetic rats following the use of autologous vein graft in peripheral nerve transection injury. Methods: The sciatic nerve on the right side was transected, and anastomosis was performed between the proximal and distal ends using an autologous vein graft. Curcumin and Garcinia kola seed extract were administered daily by oral gavage. The ganglion tissues were harvested after a 90-day waiting period. Sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion at the L4 and L5 levels were used for stereological evaluations. Mean sensory neuron numbers were analyzed using a stereological technique. The size of the light and dark neurons was also estimated, and ultrastructural and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed. Results: A statistically significant difference in sensory neuron numbers was observed between the groups with and without Garcinia kola and curcumin applications. The immunohistochemical results showed that the s-100 protein is expressed selectively between cell types. Conclusion: The results of this study show that curcumin and Garicinia kola prevented sensory neuron loss in diabetic rats following transection injury to the sciatic nerve.Öğe The quantitation of nerve fibres in diabetic and transected sciatic nerves(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Hamour, Hala Mahgoub; Altun, Gamze; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Deniz, Ömür Gülsüm; Marangoz, Abdullah Hilmi; Kaplan, SüleymanDiabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease, is a global problem affecting the economy, social life, and health. One of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic neuropathy. Quantitative assessment of the effect on the peripheral nerves of diabetes is crucial to understanding the development and management of peripheral neuropathy. Unbiased stereological techniques are used to estimate the total number of myelinated and unmyelinated axons and the total area of the nerve fascicle in sciatic nerve cross-sections. Stereology is a mathematical and statistical method that permits the estimation of numerical data such as the volume, number, and length of three-dimensional biological structures using two-dimensional cross-sections. Axon number, myelin sheath thickness, and axon diameter parameters are widely used in the stereological examination of the sciatic nerve for evaluating regeneration and degeneration. In peripheral nerve analysis, axon counting is performed using the two-dimensional disector method, while myelin sheath thickness and axon diameter are estimated based on the nucleator method. The G-ratio value, the ratio of the inner axon area to the whole myelinated nerve fibre area, is essential in determining recovery after injury in the sciatic nerve. This chapter explains stereological methods of analysing the transected diabetic nerve based on an experimental diabetic rat model. It examines the general histological effects of diabetic neuropathy on the sciatic nerve using stereological methods.Öğe The stereology of the urinary bladder(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Ulubay, Mahmut; Altun, Gamze; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Hamour, Hala Mahgoub; Kaplan, SüleymanQuantitative evaluation of the bladder wall structure can help evaluate pathological structures at morphological examination of the urinary bladder. Studies have applied stereological methods to radiological images and urinary bladder tissue specimen blocks embedded in paraffin. Volumetric evaluations of the bladder wall structure are particularly common. The wall structure of the urinary bladder consists of three layers, the epithelium plus lamina propria, muscular layer and adventitia/serosa layer. However, some studies also discuss the structure of the muscular mucosa and submucosa. The volume fractions of bladder wall components were calculated using a point-counting grid in a sample stereological study of the urinary bladder of diabetic rats. When the differences between the groups were subjected to statistical evaluation, no difference was observed between the groups in terms of the volume fraction of the mucosal layer, the muscular layer, or the serosa/adventitia layer. However, a remarkable increase was determined in the diabetes group at analysis of the ratio of blood vessels to the lamina propria (II) layer. These data were examined by considering the appropriate coefficient of error and coefficient of variation values. This chapter discusses in detail the stereological methods applied in the bladder and the histological structures examined, and the stereological results and restrictive steps of the sample study are also presented.Öğe Unravelling the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy: In aspect of placental histopathology and umbilical cord macrophage immunoactivity with neonatal outcomes(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2024) Altuntaş, Şükriye Leyla; Güneş, Arzu; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Ayşit, Neşe; Keskin, İlknurCOVID-19 has turned into a global pandemic since it was first detected in 2019, causing serious public health problems. Our objective was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on pregnant women and newborns, who belong to the vulnerable segments of society. Our study involved the histopathological examination of placentas and umbilical cords from two groups of pregnant women. Group I consisted of pregnant women who had never tested positive for COVID-19 during their pregnancy (n: 20). Group II consisted of pregnant women who had contracted COVID-19, exhibited moderate and mild symptoms, and recovered from the disease before giving birth (n: 23). Furthermore, we employed immunofluorescence techniques to detect macrophage activity in the umbilical cord. Prenatal assessments were based on maternal complete blood counts and coagulation assays (n:40 in both groups). Newborn conditions were evaluated using birth weight, height, head circumference, and APGAR (n:40 in both groups). Our analyses reveal that COVID-19 causes placental and umbilical cord inflammation and maternal and foetal vascular malperfussion. Our immunofluorescence investigations demonstrate a notable increase in macrophage numbers and the macrophage-to-total cell ratio within the COVID-19 group. In this aspect, this study provides the initial report incorporating macrophage activity results from Warton's jelly in pregnants who have recovered from COVID-19. We have also ascertained that COVID-19 abbreviates gestation periods and concurrently diminishes maternal haemoglobin concentrations. Consequently, COVID-19 with mild and moderate symptoms during pregnancy, causes significant changes to the placenta and umbilical cord, but propitiously does not cause a significant difference in the neonatal outcomes.Öğe Using magnetic resonance images for organ and region volume estimation(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2024) Bakırhan, Elfide Gizem; Deniz, Ömür Gülsüm; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Alkan, Işınsu; Tüfekçi, Kıymet Kübra; Kaplan, SüleymanThe examination of magnetic resonance (MR) images in clinical research is important for the analysis of disease images and diseases. Organ and region volume measurements are of great importance in the diagnosis of various diseases. For volume estimation, MR images are both inexpensive and easy to obtain and involve a non-hazardous method. Medical software tools are being developed to assist clinicians, surgeons and researchers in their computer-aided research projects. Currently available MR image segmentation tools differ widely from one another in terms of design, functionality and accessibility. This chapter discusses and describes the different medical software tools developed for manual, semi-automatic or fully automatic volumetric evaluation from MR images and some of the features of these tools. Brief information about the leading MR image segmentation software in clinical research is provided, and these software tools are introduced.Öğe Uterus stereology(2024) Kaya, Ayşenur; Altun, Gamze; Tüfekçi, Kıymet Kübra; Kaplan, Arife Ahsen; Kipanyula, Maulilio J.Infertility is a growing global health problem with important socio-psychological consequences. The main causes of infertility are the pathogenesis of the uterine mucosa and the uterus being unready for implantation as a result of decidualization. Despite the critical importance of the uterus for women's health and fertility, and embryo development, relatively limited information is available concerning the hormonal, cellular, and molecular mechanisms in its pathogenesis. Morphoquantitative assessments are widely used by researchers to explain the underlying causes of infertility. Quantitative evaluations provide more descriptive and precise information when observing structural changes in tissue under different conditions and comparing these between different groups. Design-based stereology provides an accurate and unbiased estimation of stereological parameters, avoiding sources of bias caused by the methodology employed. It is therefore important to use stereological methods when considering a quantitative morphological evaluation of biological objects. This chapter describes the importance of developing and disseminating the use of stereological techniques in uterine research and is intended to explain the modern stereological techniques applied to uterine tissue in methodological terms.
