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Öğe Adaptive bit-loading in relay-aided cognitive radio network(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Siddiqi, Muhammad Zain; Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Jabeen, Tayyaba; Ali, Zain; Sidhu, Guftaar Ahmad SardarIn this work, we consider a joint power allocation and bit loading problem in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based cognitive radio (CR) network. The objective is to maximize the end-to-end rate in a relay aided dual hop transmission subject to individual power constraints at each transmission node. More specifically, an underlay CR transmission is considered, where the secondary nodes transmit simultaneously with the primary nodes subject to an interference protection criteria. An efficient algorithm is proposed which maximizes the overall throughput while meeting all the constraints. Simulations results are presented to validate the performance of our proposed scheme.Öğe Adaptive OFDM-IM for enhancing physical layer security and spectral efficiency of future wireless networks(Hindawi Limited, 2018) Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Hamamreh, Jehad; Arslan, HüseyinIn this paper, we propose algorithms for enhancing physical layer security and spectral efficiency of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with Index Modulation (IM) systems. Particularly, different activation ratios and/or Constellation Modulation orders are selected adaptively for each subblock based on the channel quality of the legitimate receiver. More specifically, three approaches named as (1) OFDM with Adaptive Index Modulation and Fixed Constellation Modulation (OFDM-AIM-FCM), (2) OFDM with Adaptive Index Modulation and Adaptive Constellation Modulation (OFDM-AIM-ACM), and (3) OFDM with Variable Index Modulation and Variable Constellation Modulation (OFDM-VIM-VCM) are proposed for enhancing physical layer security and spectral efficiency. Simulation results are presented to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.Öğe An efficient security method based on exploiting channel state information (CSI)(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Hamamreh, Jehad M.; Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Ali, Zain; Sidhu, Guftaar Ahmad SardarA channel amplitude quantization method that can effectively quantize the channel response using just one single threshold value is proposed in order to extract a random manipulating sequence with good secrecy properties. Specifically, a Time Division Duplex (TDD) wireless system is considered over independent identical distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh fast fading channel, where potential passive eavesdroppers (Eves) can only estimate their own channel and have no knowledge about CSI between legitimate communication parties. The transmitter (Alice) is only aware of the CSI of the legitimate user (Bob). Particularly, the proposed security technique takes the bits of the transmitted data packets and manipulate them with a logical vector that characterizes the channel randomness based on the estimated CSI gain. The process of manipulation is implemented on a bit level basis using an XOR operation exactly before modulation process. The same XOR operation is implemented after demodulation process on the detected bits to extract the concealed bits. The obtained simulation results show that the employment of such mechanism can ensure data confidentiality. Furthermore, the simulation results are extended to include the effect of the selected quantization threshold on the BER performance of Eve as well as the amount of information leakage to its side. It is shown that security gap region between Bob and Eve is made very large over all expected Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) values despite the small degradation in the bit error rate (BER) performance of Bob because of the expected channel estimation errors due to noise.Öğe Deep learning-assisted detection of PUE and jamming attacks in cognitive radio systems(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Aygül, Mehmet Ali; Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Nazzal, Mahmoud; Arslan, HüseyinCognitive radio (CR)-based internet of things systems can be considered as an efficient solution for futuristic smart technologies. However, CRs are naturally vulnerable to two major security threats; primary user emulation (PUE) and jamming attacks. Machine learning has been recently applied to the detection of these attacks. Still, the need for feature extraction required by machine learning techniques restrains the full exploitation of raw data. To alleviate this need, this paper proposes one-dimensional deep learning as a framework for identifying such attacks. Simulations show the ability of the proposed algorithm to detect these attacks with high performance.Öğe Enhancing physical layer security in AF relay-assisted multicarrier wireless transmission(Wiley, 2018) Aman, Waqas; Sidhu, Guftaar Ahmad Sardar; Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Ali, ZainIn this paper, we study the physical layer security problem in the dual-hop orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based wireless communication system. First, we consider a single-user single-relay system and study a joint power optimization problem at the source and relay subject to individual power constraint at the 2 nodes. The aim is to maximize the end-to-end secrecy rate with optimal power allocation over different subcarriers. Later, we consider a more general multiuser multirelay scenario. Under high signal-to-noise ratio approximation for end-to-end secrecy rate, an optimization problem is formulated to jointly optimize power allocation at the base station, the relay selection, subcarrier assignment to users, and the power loading at each of the relaying node. The target is to maximize the overall security of the system subject to independent power budget limits at each transmitting node and the orthogonal frequency division multiple access-based exclusive subcarrier allocation constraints. A joint optimization solution is obtained through the duality theory. Dual decomposition allows to exploit convex optimization techniques to find the power loading at the source and relay nodes. Furthermore, an optimization for power loading at relaying nodes along with relay selection and subcarrier assignment for the fixed power allocation at the base station is also studied. A suboptimal scheme that explores joint power allocation at all transmitting nodes for the fixed subcarrier allocation and relay assignment is investigated. Finally, simulation results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed schemes.Öğe Enhancing physical layer security of OFDM systems using channel shortening(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Hamamreh, Jehad M.; Arslan, HüseyinThis work presents a simple, spectral and power efficient scheme for providing secure OFDM communication system using channel shortening. The basic concept is to utilize a channel shortening technique, whose design is based on the channel of the legitimate user (Bob), in such a way that the length of the effective channel is made equal to or less than the cyclic prefix (CP) at Bob only, while the length of the effective channel at the illegitimate receiver (Eve) is greater than CP. Thus, this causes inter-symbol-interference (ISI), loss of orthogonality, and overall performance degradation at Eve. The simulation results show that the presented technique can provide a significant BER performance gap between Bob and Eve, and can provide Quality of Service (QoS) based security. The design is shown to be robust against channel imperfections and can provide spectral and power efficiency beside enhancing security.Öğe Enhancing the security performance of ostbc using pre-equalicodization(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Hamamreh, Jehad M.; Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Ali, Zain; Sidhu, Guftaar Ahmad SardarIn this study, we first quantify the secrecy performance achieved by employing precoded orthogonal space time block coding (POSTBC) in order to use it as a benchmark for comparison purposes with a new proposed security scheme. In POSTBC, space time codewords are precoded before being transmitted with an optimum pre-coding matrix based on the main channel of the legitimate parties. The obtained results demonstrate a considerable secrecy gap region in the resulting bit error rate (BER) performance due to using POSTBC. Afterwards, a new method called pre-equlicodization (precoding along with semi pre-equalization) is proposed to further enhance the secrecy performance. In pre-equlicodization scheme, the transmitted symbols are precoded by a new modified matrix called pre-equalicodizing matrix. This matrix is built by manipulating each row element in the optimal selected precoding matrix by the corresponding amplitude square inverse of the estimated channel gain over each data stream. The comparative simulation results prove that the employment of the proposed method can provide robustness against eavesdropping while assuring confidentiality and reliability between the legitimate communication parties albeit Eve is considered to have full knowledge of the used method, but not the main channel since TDD is adopted.Öğe FDD massive MIMO downlink channel estimation via selective sparse coding over AOA/AOD cluster dictionaries(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Nazzal, Mahmoud; Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Arslan, HüseyinSparse coding over a redundant dictionary has recently been used as a framework for downlink channel estimation in frequency division duplex massive multiple-input multiple-output antenna systems. This usage allows for efficiently reducing the inherently high training and feedback overheads. We present an algorithm for downlink channel estimation via selective sparse coding over multiple cluster dictionaries. A channel training set is divided into clusters based on the angle of the arrival/departure of the majority physical subpaths corresponding to each channel tap. Then, a compact dictionary is trained in each cluster. Channel estimation is done by first identifying the channel cluster and then using its dictionary for reconstruction. This selective sparse coding allows for adaptive regularization via sparse model selection, thereby offering additional regularization to the ill-posed channel estimation problem. We empirically validate the selectivity of the cluster dictionaries. Simulation results show the advantage of the proposed algorithm in achieving better estimation quality at lower computational cost, as compared the case of using standard sparse coding.Öğe Flexible guard structure for timing synchronization in coordinated networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Kihero, Abuu Bakari; Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Arslan, HüseyinIn this letter, a novel and flexible hybrid guard duration (HGD) based on zero tail (ZT) and cyclic prefix (CP) concepts is proposed for facilitating timing synchronization (TS) in coordinated multi-point (COMP) networks. The proposed HGD harmoniously provides enough guard duration for mitigating the channel's delay spread and facilitating TS without extending the total symbol duration while supporting both COMP and non-COMP users. That is, unlike the traditional extended CP (E-CP) approach that degrades the system's spectral efficiency (SE) and elevates the transmission latency due to the extended symbol duration, HGD maintains the usage of the normal CP size and the total symbol duration, thereby ensuring better SE performance and relatively low latency. The proposed HGD is evaluated and compared with the traditional E-CP in terms of bit error rate, SE, and latency.Öğe Flexible physical layer security for joint data and pilots in future wireless networks(IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Zegrar, Salah Eddine; Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Arslan, HüseyinIn this work, novel physical layer security (PLS) schemes are proposed for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to secure both data and pilots in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The majority of previous studies focus on only securing the data without considering the security of the pilots used for channel estimation. However, the leakage of channel state information (CSI) from a legitimate node to an eavesdropper allows the latter to acquire knowledge about the channel of the legitimate nodes. To this end, we propose adaptive and flexible PLS algorithms which can 1) secure data, 2) secure pilots, and 3) jointly secure both data and pilots. Particularly, minimum-phase all-pass channel decomposition is exploited, where the proposed algorithms use the all-pass component to provide security without harming the performance of the legitimate user. In the analysis for data security, we evaluate the secrecy under correlated and uncorrelated eavesdropping channels via closed-form bit error rate (BER) formulas. For pilot security, we analyze the estimated channel's normalized mean squared error (NMSE) performance. The simulation results and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can effectively enhance the communication secrecy of the overall system.Öğe Iterative tap pursuit for channel shortening equalizer design(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Nazzal, Mahmoud; Arslan, HüseyinIn this work, an iterative tap pursuit algorithm for designing channel shortening equalizers is proposed. Similar to pursuit algorithms, a residual vector is initialized with a desired target impulse response, which is iteratively approximated by one-tap sub-filters. In each iteration, the algorithm selects the location and weight of a one-tap sub-filter. This is proceeded by updating the residual vector by subtracting its already-represented portions by selected sub-filters. The advantage of this algorithm lies in its simplicity in alleviating the need for performing an exhaustive search thus reducing the computational complexity. Convergence of the proposed algorithm is guaranteed by the fact that the energy of the residual decreases with iteration. We show that the proposed algorithm has a significantly reduced computational complexity. Experiments conducted on Rayleigh fading wireless channels validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in designing channel shortening filters in terms of the shortening signal-to-noise ratio measure and complexity.Öğe New physical layer key generation dimensions: Subcarrier indices/positions-based key generation(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Hamamreh, Jehad M.; Arslan, HüseyinIn this letter, novel algorithms for secret key generation from the wireless channel in multi-carrier systems are proposed for ensuring the confidentiality and authentication in wireless communication systems. The novelty of the proposed algorithms lies in the generation of random secret bits not just from the magnitudes of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subchannels as it has conventionally been done in the literature, but also from the indices/positions of the subchannels corresponding to highest gains. Thus, the proposed algorithms provide additional dimensions for enhancing overall key rates. The efficiency of the proposed algorithms is evaluated in terms of key mismatch rate (KMR) and key generation rate (KGR). Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithms can enhance the overall performance of physical layer key-based algorithms by providing extra dimensions for secret key generation.Öğe On fair interference management in cognitive radio networks(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2017) Musab, Muhammad; Ali, Zain; Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Amanat, Irtiza; Jabeen, Tayyaba; Sidhu, Guftaar Ahmad SardarIn this paper, we consider power optimization problem in cognitive radio (CR) networks. The aim is to protect the licensed primary users (PUs) from unequal performance degradation by secondary users (SUs). A min-max optimization problem is formulated to minimize the maximum interference subject to transmission power constraint at base station (BS) and the individual interference constraint at each SU. Further, to guarantee the minimum quality of service (QoS) of each SU, a rate constraint per SU is considered in the problem. Based on convex optimization techniques, a step wise approach is adopted where first the sum interference is minimized and later the sum rate is maximized subject to various constraints.Öğe Optimizing D2D transmission for secure and reliable smart grid communication(IEEE Computer Society, 2017) Waqas, Muhammad; Ali, Zain; Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Sidhu, Guftaar Ahmad SardarSmart grid (SG) has been recognized as a promising solution to manage and distribute electricity in the next generation power systems. The large number of devices in power systems make the wired communication a non feasible solution, thus wireless transmission becomes necessary. However this demands a huge portion of radio spectrum. In this work, we aim to provide the secure and reliable SG communication through an efficient spectrum sharing mechanism. Specifically, we consider an underlay transmission and seek to minimize the interference under complete spectrum reuse while guaranteeing the required secrecy rate as well as end to end delay. A mathematical optimization problem is formulated and convex optimization techniques are exploited to find the near optimal solution. Further a suboptimal solution is also proposed to reduce the computational complexity. Simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.Öğe Physical layer security designs for 5G and beyond(Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2020) Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Hamamreh, ?Jehad M.; Arslan, HüseyinPhysical layer security (PLS) has emerged as a promising and powerful concept for securing future wireless technologies, including fifth generation (5G) and beyond networks, as it has the potential to solve many of the problems associated with conventional cryptography-based approaches. In this chapter, the principles of PLS as a complementary solution to cryptography for future networks are presented. The concepts, merits, and demerits for different types of PLS techniques are discussed and explained. Moreover, the recent applications of PLS to different emerging wireless technologies are also presented. Furthermore, the details about physical layer authentication methods against spoofing attacks and details about jamming attacks and related solutions are also included.Öğe Physical layer security for wireless sensing and communication(Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2023) Arslan, Hüseyin; Furqan, Haji MuhammadWireless physical layer (PHY) security has attracted much attention due to the broadcast nature of the wireless medium and its inherent vulnerability to eavesdropping, jamming, and interference. Physical Layer Security for Wireless Sensing and Communication covers both communication and sensing security from a broad perspective. The main emphasis is on PHY security, although other security measures are covered for the sake of completeness and as a step towards cross-layer security and cognitive security vision. After discussing the features of wireless channels from both the communication and sensing perspectives, the book details their exploitation for secure transmission utilizing various approaches. Wireless sensing and radio environment concepts are also addressed, along with the related security implications in terms of eavesdropping, disruption, manipulation, and, in general, the exploitation of wireless sensing by unauthorised users. Several solutions for these threats from the domains of wireless communication, military radars, and machine learning, are discussed. The book provides valuable information to researchers in academia and industry, as well as engineers, developers, and advanced students in the field of cybersecurity.Öğe Primary user emulation and jamming attack detection in cognitive radio via sparse coding(Springer, 2020) Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Aygül, Mehmet Ali; Nazzal, Mahmoud; Arslan, HüseyinCognitive radio is an intelligent and adaptive radio that improves the utilization of the spectrum by its opportunistic sharing. However, it is inherently vulnerable to primary user emulation and jamming attacks that degrade the spectrum utilization. In this paper, an algorithm for the detection of primary user emulation and jamming attacks in cognitive radio is proposed. The proposed algorithm is based on the sparse coding of the compressed received signal over a channel-dependent dictionary. More specifically, the convergence patterns in sparse coding according to such a dictionary are used to distinguish between a spectrum hole, a legitimate primary user, and an emulator or a jammer. The process of decision-making is carried out as a machine learning-based classification operation. Extensive numerical experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in detecting the aforementioned attacks with high success rates. This is validated in terms of the confusion matrix quality metric. Besides, the proposed algorithm is shown to be superior to energy detection-based machine learning techniques in terms of receiver operating characteristics curves and the areas under these curves.Öğe Robust tracking-based phy-authentication in mmwave mimo systems(2024) Afeef, Liza; Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Arslan, HüseyinPhysical Layer Authentication (PLA) is a topic of considerable interest in ensuring strong security for upcoming wireless networks. However, existing PLA methods face challenges in maintaining performance in dynamic environments. To overcome this, we propose a novel tracking-based PLA approach, utilizing properties of the beamspace multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel in narrowband millimeter-wave (mmWave) networks. Specifically, In particular, the proposed technique involves extracting a distance signature vector from the positions of the principal components within the beamspace MIMO channel representation. These components are then sorted in descending order based on their indices. To address mobility concerns in dynamic settings, a tracking filter is introduced. This filter allows the authentication system to continuously track and update the stored signature, enhancing overall authentication performance. Additionally, the proposed technique is extended to ultra-wideband signaling. In this extension, the richness of the derived signature is further improved by exploiting the beam squint effect, contributing to a more robust authentication process. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach overcomes the limitations of previous methods, resulting in improved authentication performance measured by detection and false alarm rates.Öğe Secret key generation using channel quantization with SVD for reciprocal MIMO channels(IEEE, 2016) Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Hamamreh, Jehad M.; Arslan, HüseyinThe generation of secret keys from reciprocal wireless channel by exploiting their randomness nature, is an emerging area of interest to provide secure communication. One of the main challenges in this domain is to increase the secret key length, extracted from the shared channel coefficients between two legitimate communication parties, while maintaining its randomness and uniformity. In this work, we develop a practical key generation method, based on channel quantization with singular value decomposition (CQSVD), which is capable of significantly increasing the generated secret key in MIMO systems. This is achieved through quantizing the phases and amplitudes of the estimated MIMO channel coefficient's matrix by using an alternative form of SVD, where the key sequence is extracted from the orthogonal basis functions of the decomposed channel. In this method, it is shown that for an M ×M antenna system, with M2 independent channel fading coefficients, a secret key sequence of length 2M3 can be generated. The extracted key sequence is transformed to a random phase sequence, which is then used to manipulate the transmitted data on a symbol level basis rather than bit level-basis, to provide more secure communication. The comparative simulation results show that the proposed CQSVD method outperforms the state of the art secret key generation methods.Öğe Secure and reliable IoT communications using nonorthogonal signals' superposition with dual-transmission(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Furqan, Haji Muhammad; Hamamreh, Jehad M.; Arslan, HüseyinEnsuring secure communication for internet of things (IoT) has drawn much attention because of the limitation in the use of conventional cryptographic techniques owing to the unique features of IoT devices such as low complexity, lightweight computing, and power constraints. Physical layer security (PLS) has the potential to provide security solutions that are suitable for such applications. In this article, an efficient PLS approach is proposed for providing secure communication against external and internal eavesdroppers in a downlink multi-carrier IoT communication system. The system consists of a transmitter with a single active antenna (and a single radio frequency chain) that is trying to communicate with two single-antenna IoT devices in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. In the proposed algorithm, frequency selective channel based pre-coder matrices and dual-transmission approach are jointly employed to provide simple and secure communication without complex computational processing at the IoT devices. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm can provide security against internal and external eavesdroppers and is suitable for IoT devices.
