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Öğe A multimodal approach to the voicing contrast in Turkish: Evidence from simultaneous measures of acoustics, intraoral pressure and tongue palatal contacts(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Ünal Logacev, Özlem; Fuchs, Susanne; Lancia, LeonardoThe aims of the study are to investigate acoustic, aerodynamic and supralaryngeal properties of the voicing contrast in Turkish and to better understand the relation between these factors in the maintenance and inhibition of phonetic voicing. For this purpose, simultaneous recordings were carried out using electropalatography, a piezoresistive pressure transducer and a microphone for six speakers of Turkish. The voiced /d, d3/ and voiceless /t, t integral/ target sounds occurred in word-initial position in intervocalic context. Single time points were selected to study the voicing contrast and its corresponding properties. The most pronounced differences between voiced and voiceless consonants were the relative voicing during closure and the velocity maximum of intraoral pressure (Pio). Phonologically voiced stops showed a relatively long voicing portion, a negative VOT (for /d/) and a slower rise in Pio. Voiceless stops were realized with less voicing, positive VOT (for /t/) and a steep intraoral pressure rise. However, differences were not found for tongue-palatal contact patterns at full closure. The analysis of mutual dependence between articulatory and aerodynamic measures through Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) showed a linear relation between the two measures in voiced stops and a nonlinear relation for the voiceless. These results are discussed in light of laryngeal-oral coordination and cavity enlargement. Moreover, the different methodological approaches and their benefits are considered.Öğe Novel vocalizations are understood across cultures(Nature Research, 2021) ?wiek, Aleksandra; Fuchs, Susanne; Draxler, Christoph; Asu, Eva Liina; Dediu, Dan; Hiovain, Katri; Kawahara, Shigeto; Koutalidis, Sofia; Krifka, Manfred; Lippus, Pärtel; Lupyan, Gary; Oh, Grace E.; Paul, Jing; Petrone, Caterina; Ridouane, Rachid; Reiter, Sabine; Schümchen, Nathalie; Szalontai, Ádám; Ünal Logacev, Özlem; Zeller, Jochen; Winter, Bodo; Perlman, MarcusLinguistic communication requires speakers to mutually agree on the meanings of words, but how does such a system first get off the ground? One solution is to rely on iconic gestures: visual signs whose form directly resembles or otherwise cues their meaning without any previously established correspondence. However, it is debated whether vocalizations could have played a similar role. We report the first extensive cross-cultural study investigating whether people from diverse linguistic backgrounds can understand novel vocalizations for a range of meanings. In two comprehension experiments, we tested whether vocalizations produced by English speakers could be understood by listeners from 28 languages from 12 language families. Listeners from each language were more accurate than chance at guessing the intended referent of the vocalizations for each of the meanings tested. Our findings challenge the often-cited idea that vocalizations have limited potential for iconic representation, demonstrating that in the absence of words people can use vocalizations to communicate a variety of meanings.Öğe Phonetics and phonology of soft 'g' in Turkish(Cambridge University Press, 2019) Ünal Logacev, Özlem; Zygis, Marzena; Fuchs, SusanneThe present study aims to approach soft 'g', a highly disputable sound in Turkish phonetics and phonology, from a multidimensional perspective by (i) analysing its historical development, (ii) investigating its distribution in a dictionary of Modern Turkish, and (iii) studying its acoustic realization. In the Ottoman script soft 'g' was represented with two letters: <'Greek passage'>, pronounced [?], was used in the context of preceding back vowels Vback (Vback, C); <'Greek passage'>, pronounced [j], was used in the context of preceding front vowels Vfront(Vfront, C). In 1928, due to a reform in orthography, these two vocalic contexts were obscured by replacing both <'Greek passage'> and <'Greek passage'> with <'Greek passage'>. Our investigation of the distribution of /?/ in the native vocabulary of Modern Turkish reveals that /?/ is in complementary distribution with /g/: /?/ appears word-finally and word-medially (i.e. syllable-finally V?.C and intervocalically V.?V), while /g/ is found word-initially and word-medially (i.e. syllable-initially when following a consonant C.?V). However, in loan words which are well assimilated into Turkish by means of phono-morphological rules the complementary distribution is not attested. Moreover, the behavior of soft 'g' in phonological processes strongly suggests that the sound is part of the phonemic inventory of Turkish. Finally, the results of our two acoustic experiments show that /?/ is phonetically manifested in the lengthening of the preceding vowel (/V?/ ? [V:]) independently of the surrounding vowel environment, word position, and participant age. In addition, the results indicate that speakers of Modern Turkish do not realize acoustic properties of a velar gesture.Öğe The bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems(Royal Society, 2022) Cwiek, Aleksandra; Fuchs, Susanne; Draxler, Christoph; Asu, Eva Liina; Dediu, Dan; Hiovain, Katri; Kawahara, Shigeto; Koutalidis, Sofia; Krifka, Manfred; Lippus, Partel; Lupyan, Gary; Oh, Grace E.; Paul, Jing; Petrone, Caterina; Ridouane, Rachid; Reiter, Sabine; Schumchen, Nathalie; Szalontai, Adam; Ünal-Logacev, Özlem; Zeller, Jochen; Perlman, Marcus; Winter, BodoThe bouba/kiki effect-the association of the nonce word bouba with a round shape and kiki with a spiky shape-is a type of correspondence between speech sounds and visual properties with potentially deep implications for the evolution of spoken language. However, there is debate over the robustness of the effect across cultures and the influence of orthography. We report an online experiment that tested the bouba/kiki effect across speakers of 25 languages representing nine language families and 10 writing systems. Overall, we found strong evidence for the effect across languages, with bouba eliciting more congruent responses than kiki. Participants who spoke languages with Roman scripts were only marginally more likely to show the effect, and analysis of the orthographic shape of the words in different scripts showed that the effect was no stronger for scripts that use rounder forms for bouba and spikier forms for kiki. These results confirm that the bouba/kiki phenomenon is rooted in crossmodal correspondence between aspects of the voice and visual shape, largely independent of orthography. They provide the strongest demonstration to date that the bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part II)'.
