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Öğe A qualitative study about internationalization of Turkish textile & clothing industries(Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 2022) Divrik, Bahar; Baykal, ElifThe national textile and clothing industries do not operate in isolation anymore; they are significant parts of one global sector which serve to the whole world. The Turkish textile and clothing industries are mainly export oriented and like other developing industries, they have an important role in the internationalization of the Turkish economy with their contribution to GDP, trade and employment. This article reviews the major developments that shaped the internationalization process of Turkish textile & clothing industries. Findings from semi-structured case studies with 14 Turkish textile and clothing industries tries to highlight the changes occurring currently in the industries. The qualitative data obtained from our research gives deep and detailed understanding of the Turkish textile and clothing industries.Öğe Boosting life satisfaction through psychological capital in the presence of job security: A case study of Turkey(MDPI, 2023) Baykal, Elif; Bayraktar, Osman; Divrik, Bahar; Aşçı, Mehmet Saim; Öz, SabriThe COVID-19 pandemic brought about drastic changes all across the world, causing the loss of thousands of lives and negatively affecting many industries, owing to the health measures taken by authorities in this period. The difficulties engendered by the pandemic have led to excessive anxiety and made people vulnerable to psychological problems. Moreover, many people have lost their jobs or experienced anxiety of losing their jobs. Turkish business is one of the prominent markets that have been severely affected by the pandemic. Thus, we considered it crucial to examine how life satisfaction levels of individuals working in the Turkish business sector can be increased through psychological capital. We also aimed to test whether a sense of job security has a mediator effect in the relationship between life satisfaction and psychological capital. In order to test the assumed relationship, we collected data from Turkish professionals working in the Marmara region. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS AMOS and the results revealed that psychological capital has a positive effect on life satisfaction levels of individuals. Moreover, our study is novel in that it revealed the mediator role of job security in the relationship between psychological capital and life satisfaction.Öğe Employee involvement in sustainability projects in emergent markets: Evidence from Turkey(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023) Baykal, Elif; Divrik, BaharWithout a doubt, encouraging the behavior of employees in relation to sustainability is one of the most effective tactics that organizations can use to attain their sustainability goals. It is critical that employees take part in sustainability projects in order for organizations to be successful. In this study, we assumed that organizations supported by responsible employees will be more likely to engage in sustainability-driven projects that affect their long-term viability and the interests of their stakeholders, and that green human resources management will be an encouraging factor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the involvement of employees in sustainability-driven projects within organizations, as well as the potential influence of such involvement on the performance of projects in emerging economies such as Turkey, where individual sensitivity to sustainability is lacking. With this goal in mind, we conducted a qualitative investigation on ten different employees from various corporate enterprises who were authorized to participate in sustainability-driven projects in their workplaces. Our results revealed that in the Turkish business environment, employees have still not reached the required level of maturity regarding sustainability issues in order to be initiators of sustainability projects. This study is the first to investigate the role of employees in sustainability-driven projects within the Turkish market.Öğe International market entry strategies(IGI Global, 2023) Divrik, BaharEntry mode selection is one of the most strategic aspects of international business. The selection of international market entry strategy is an institutional decision that comprises the choice of target market, entry mode, marketing plan, and control system. The right entry mode decision enables companies all assets to enter the targeted foreign markets. The entry modes can be grouped into three categories; export-based methods, non-equity methods (contractual entry), and equity methods (investment entry). The export-based methods can be either indirect export or direct export. The main forms of non-equity methods (contractual entry) are licensing and franchising, and equity methods (investment entry) are foreign direct investment, joint venture and acquisitions, and mergers. In this chapter, the internal and external factors of the target and home country will be analyzed in detail. The main features of entry mode are discussed in detail, and in the last part, factors that have a strategic importance are mentioned.Öğe International marketing strategies for SMEs in the digital world(IGI Global, 2024) Divrik, BaharDigital technologies have totally changed the business world and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have truly been affected by this change. SMEs, which are the main actors of the world economy as they are main providers of production, employment, and foreign currency. Before the introduction of digital tools, SMEs were not able to compete with multinational companies mainly because of their limited resources. The digital technologies have enabled SMEs to compete with multinational companies in the international markets. Formulating the right international marketing strategies is crucial for SMEs to be successful in international markets in the digital era.Öğe Organizational sustainability, legitimacy, and multinational companies(IGI Global, 2024) Divrik, BaharThe aim of this book chapter is to anlayze how internationalization of multinational companies affect organiational sustainability. Organizational sustainability has a contrasting perspective with respect to the dual effects of internationalization on sustainability strengths (being good) and sustainability concerns (being bad). On one side, it is discussed that internationalization improves organizational sustainability strengths as multinational enterpreises, which are mainly dependent on foreign sales, are highly motivated to adopt organizational sustainability as a global business norm. Such norm?conformity overcomes the liability of origin and legitimacy challenge in foreign markets. On the other hand, it is contended that internationalization also increases organizational sustainability concerns because subsidiaries of multinationals are susceptible to being decoupled from the headquarters' organizational sustainability policy.Öğe Türk tekstil ve konfeksiyon ihracatçısı küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerde uluslararasılaşma sürecinde dijitalleşmenin etkileri ve örgütsel öğrenme odaklı bir model önerisi(İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2022) Divrik, Bahar; Baykal, ElifDördüncü sanayi devriminin (Endüstri 4.0) ana aktörü olan dijital teknolojilerdeki hızlı büyüme, yirmi birinci yüzyılda önem kazanan uluslararası ticaretin gelişimini hızlandırmıştır. Dijital teknolojiler alanında yer alan gelişmeler, iş dünyasındaki rekabet ortamını değiştirerek, uluslararasılaşma sürecinde çok uluslu firmalarla rekabet şansı bulamayan küçük ve orta ölçekli işletme (KOBİ)'lerin büyümelerinin önündeki engellerin kalkması için fırsatlar doğurmuştur. Dijitalleşme sayesinde, KOBİ'lerin uluslararası pazarlara ulaşımları kolaylaşmış ve uluslararasılaşmaları hızlanmıştır. Genel görüş olarak, KOBİ'lerin dijitalleşmesi, örgütsel öğrenmenin bilginin kaynağı olarak ana aktör olduğu sosyo-teknik bir süreç olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu sürecin arkasındaki en değerli itici güç örgütsel öğrenme sonucunda toplanan bilgidir. KOBİ'ler üzerinde örgütsel öğrenme, dijitalleşme ve uluslararasılaşma kavramları arasındaki ilişkilerin derinlemesine ve detaylı incelendiği araştırma bulunmaması literatürde bilgi boşluğunun varlığını göstermektedir. Bu anlamda çalışmamızın temel amacı, KOBİ'lerde örgütsel öğrenme, dijitalleşme ve uluslararasılaşma süreçlerinin arasındaki ilişkileri analiz etmektir. Araştırma yöntemi olarak karma araştırma yönteminden, yakınsayan paralel desen kullanılmış; nicel ve nitel araştırma yöntemleri aynı anda uygulanmış, elde edilen sonuçlar bir arada yorumlanmıştır. Nicel analiz kısmında Türkiye'de tekstil ve konfeksiyon sektöründe faaliyet gösteren KOBİ'lerden elde edilen 347 anket AMOS programında yapısal eşitlik yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Nitel analiz kısmında ise KOBİ statüsünde tekstil ve konfeksiyon sanayinde faaliyet gösteren 14 yönetici ile yarı yapılandırılmış 29 sorudan oluşan görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş, veriler Maxqda nitel araştırma programında analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda Türkiye bağlamında KOBİ'lerin örgütsel öğrenmesinin dijitalleşme süreçleri üzerinde olumlu etkileri olduğu, KOBİ'lerde dijital süreçlerin adapte edilmesinin de uluslararasılaşma sürecini olumlu etkilediği tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Turkish textile and clothing SMEs: Importance of organizational learning, digitalization, and internationalization(2024) Divrik, Bahar; Baykal, ElifThe Turkish textile and clothing (TTC) industries, which are mainly made of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), are the main source of export for the Turkish economy since the end of 1980s. The introduction of digital technologies has changed the competition for the TTC industries and this change has been accelerated after the covid-19 pandemic. Digitalization of SMEs is accepted as a social and technical process in which organizational learning is the main actor and therefore, the aim of this research is to explore the relation between organizational learning, digitalization, and internationalization for TTC industries. A parallel-results convergent mixed method approach in which qualitative and quantitave analysis are performed seperately and integrated later is applied in this research. The data of the research were collected by semi-structured interviews and survey questionnaires, which are analyzed in MAXQDA and analysis of moment structures.Öğe Uluslararası işletmecilik teorilerine kavramsal bir bakış(Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat Üniversitesi İktisadi, İdari ve Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi, 2022) Divrik, Bahar; Baykal, ElifUluslararası işletmecilik teorileri 1970’lerde geliştirilmeye başlanmış ve son kırk yılda literatürde oldukça önem kazanmıştır. İlk yıllarda ekonomik bakış açısıyla, çok uluslu firmaların gelişimini ve doğrudan direkt yatırımları inceleyerek gelişen uluslararası işletmecilik teorileri daha sonraları yönetim fonksiyonlarından etkilenerek davranışsal bakış açısı altında ayrı bir kol olarak ayrılmıştır. Son zamanlarda, internet teknolojilerinin ve e-ticaretin gelişimine bağlı olarak gelişen popüler teorilerde ayrı bir grup olarak incelenmiştir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, konuyla ilgili detaylı literatür taraması yapılmış, 1970’lerden beri geliştirilen uluslararası işletmecilik teorileri kronolojik sıralamaya göre bütünsel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı uluslararası işletmecilik teorilerini kavramsal olarak detaylı ele alarak bu alanda çalışma yapacak araştırmacılara bir rehber sunmaktır.
