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Öğe ACE2 and LOX enzyme inhibitions of different lavender essential oils and major components linalool and camphor(American Chemical Society, 2022) Biltekin, Sevde Nur; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Demirci, Betül; Demirci, FatihIn this present study, Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula stoechas, and Lavandula x heterophylla essential oils and their main compounds linalool and camphor were evaluated in vitro for lipoxygenase enzyme (LOX) and for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibition potential. The chemical compositions of L. angustifolia, L. stoechas, and L. heterophylla essential oils were confirmed both by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, where 22.4, 0.9, and 30.6% linalool and 17.8, 54.7, and 15% camphor were identified for each oil among other components, respectively. Enzyme inhibitory activity studies were performed at 20 mu g/mL for the tested essential oils, whereas for linalool and camphor concentrations, 5 mu g/mL was used. The ACE2 inhibitions of L. angustifolia, L. stoechas, and L. heterophylla essential oils were 25.4, 34.1, and 27.1%, while the LOX inhibitions were observed as 79, 49.1, and 86.7%, respectively. In addition, linalool and camphor showed remarkable ACE2 inhibition with 77.1 and 85.1%, whereas the LOX inhibition was observed at 92 and 67.2%, respectively. In conclusion of the initial findings, further detailed in vivo studies are needed to confirm the safe use.Öğe Adhesion of veneering composite to metal-free CAD/CAM materials: Effect of surface conditioning and adhesive resin type(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2023) Önügören, Nazik İrem; Demirci, Fatih; Tatar, Numan; Eyüboğlu, Tan Fırat; Özcan, MutluObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the adhesion of veneering composite to metal-free computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials with different compositions after surface conditioning and application of adhesive resins.Materials and MethodsA total of one hundred and sixty specimens were divided into four groups (n = 40) manufactured either from polyetheretherketone (PEEK; KERAstar PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK; Pekkton), fiber-reinforced composite (FRC; Trinia), or high-impact polymer composite (COMP; Bredent HIPC) CAD/CAM discs. Each group was then randomly subdivided into four different subgroups of adhesive systems (n = 10) as Visiolink (Bredent), Single Bond Universal (3M), G-Premio BOND (GC), and OptiBond Universal (Kerr). The shear bond strength (SBS) of each specimen with veneering composite material was tested with a universal testing machine following thermocycle aging (5000 times). The modes of failure resulting from the tests were determined with scanning electron microscope (SEM), dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and analytical imaging. The data were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests (alpha = 0.05).ResultsThe highest SBS values among all groups were found for the COMP material (20.28 +/- 2.08 MPa) with OptiBond Universal adhesive, while the lowest for the PEEK material (10.33 +/- 2.47 MPa) with G-Premio BOND. The most common failure mode for the PEEK and PEKK specimens was adhesive failure, for the FRC and COMP groups mixed failures were common.ConclusionsBond strength values of at least 10 MPa were achieved for all tested between metal-free CAD/CAM materials and adhesive resin application.Öğe Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and in vivo-in vitro wound healing potential of the Phlomis rigida Labill. extract(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2021) Okur, Mehmet Evren; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Özhan, Yağmur; Sipahi, Hande; Ayla, Şule; Daylan, Benay; Kültür, Şükran; Demirci, Betül; Demirci, FatihEthnopharmacological relevance: The preparations of Phlomis aerial parts are used traditionally in Anatolia for wound healing and in inflammatory disorders. Methods: For the identification of the active fraction, the air dried aerial parts of Phlomis rigida Labill. were extracted by methanol and fractionated successively by n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, respectively. The phenolic constituents were characterized by the Folin-Ciocaltheu method; the antioxidant activity was performed by ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by LOX enzyme inhibition, spectrophotometrically as well as cell cultures. The wound healing properties of P. rigida extract gels were studied via in vitro cell culture methods and in vivo by excisional wound model using Balb-c mice. The P. rigida extract was analyzed and characterized by GC-FID, GC-MS, and LC-MS. Results: The P. rigida methanol extract showed moderate LOX inhibitory at IC50 = 19.5 ± 2.8 ?g/mL whereas the antioxidant activity was by DPPH• IC50 = 0.89 mg/mL, and by ABTS• IC50 = 0.99 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, a remarkable P. rigida extracts anti-inflammatory activity was observed in the cell culture assay, which was then confirmed by the in vitro wound healing activity applied at 0.125–0.5 mg/mL concentrations, resulting in a dose-dependent increase in wound closure at the final stage. The P. rigida gel formulation was prepared to evaluate the extract in vivo, whereas the experimental results of the new gel formulation supported the findings of the in vitro wound healing activity. Conclusion: The findings of this in vitro and in vivo study suggest that the wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties provide a scientific evidence of the ethnopharmacological application of Phlomis species.Öğe Antimicrobial, anticholinesterase evaluation and chemical characterization of essential oil Phlomis kurdica Rech. fil. Growing in Turkey(Taylor and Francis Inc., 2020) Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Demirci, Betül; Kültür, Şükran; Demirci, Fatih; Başer, K. Hüsnü CanThe Phlomis kurdica Rech.fil. (Lamiaceae) essential oil was investigated for its chemical constituents and in vitro biological activities. Volatile components were characterized, antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activities were performed. The oil was analyzed both by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, simultaneously. The in vitro antimicrobial microdilution method was used against Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Escherichia coli NRLL B-3008, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, and Candida albicans ATCC 90028, respectively. Additionally, the cholinesterase enzyme inhibition activities were tested in vitro using the Ellman method. A total of forty-four different volatile constituents were identified, where the main components were characterized as germacrene D (55.4%), (Z)-beta-farnesene (11.2%), and hexadecanoic acid (8.4%), respectively. The P. kurdica oil showed moderate inhibition of cholinesterases, where inhibitory antimicrobial activity was against B. cereus among the tested microorganisms.Öğe Binary synergistic combinations of lavender and fennel essential oils with amoxicillin(Georg Thieme Verlag, 2023) Karada?, Ayşe Esra; Çaşkurlu, Ayşegül; Demirci, Betül; Demirci, FatihMicrobial resistance is an important problem in modern healthcare systems. In addition to drug resistance, the side effects of current antibiotic applications are also known issues. In this present study, binary combinations of amoxicillin with European Pharmacopoeia quality lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia ) and fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare ) essential oils were evaluated against human pathogenic microbial strains. The checkerboard method was used to quantify the efficacy of the essential oils in combination with amoxicillin. As an initial result, remarkable in vitro antimicrobial activity was observed at relatively low amoxicillin concentrations using different oil combinations against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579, Escherichia coli NRRL B-3008, Salmonella typhi (clinical isolate), respectively. Fractional inhibitory concentrations were calculated and interpreted in terms of addition, synergy, antagonism, or indifferent. A synergistic interaction with the combination F. vulgare essential oil and amoxicillin (fractional inhibitory concentration index = 8.05 x 10 (-4) ) was observed against the pathogens E. faecalis and Escherichia coli . Both essential oils together and in combination with amoxicillin showed a synergistic effect with possible future applications.Öğe Bioautography for evaluation of several Lavandula L. and origanum species antimicrobial and antioxidant activity(Istanbul Medipol University, 2023) Karavuş, Şule Nur; Çaşkurlu, Ayşegül; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Demirci, FatihIn the search of bioactive natural compounds, bioautography of plant extracts were associated in an antioxidant screening. Due to containing variety of phenolic compounds Lavandula and Origanum species are important medicinal plants. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Lavandula angustifolia, L. stoechas, L. heterophylla, Origanum majorana, O. onites, O. vulgare, O. minituflorum, and their main phenolic compounds linalool and carvacrol was carried out by TLC-bioautography method based on the DPPH· andABTS·+ assays to compare essential oils and known main active constituents. The antimicrobial activity of the materials was tested using the in vitro broth microdilution assay towards two different microorganisms. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans were used for the study. As a result of our studies, it is determined that O. vulgare showed the highest activity against S. mutans and O. onites and O. vulgare showed the highest activity against MRSA. compared to the tested antibiotic.Öğe Chemical characterization and multidirectional biological effects of different solvent extracts of arum elongatum: in vitro and in silico approaches(Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2023) Fawzi Mahomoodally, Mohamad; Zengin, Gökhan; Roumita, Seebaluck-Sandoram; Caprioli, Giovanni; Mustafa, Ahmed M.; Piatti, Diletta; Yıldıztugay, Evren; Ak, Güneş; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Khalid, Asaad; Abdalla, Ashraf N.; İbrahim Uba, Abdullahi; Demirci, FatihArum elongatum (Araceae) is widely used traditionally for the treatment of abdominal pain, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, rheumatism and hemorrhoids. This study investigated the antioxidant properties, individual phenolic compounds, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (HPLC/MS analysis), reducing power and metal chelating effects of four extracts obtained from A. elongatum (ethyl acetate (EA), methanol (MeOH), methanol/water (MeOH/water) and infusion). The inhibitory activity of the extracts were also determined against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase and glucosidase enzymes. The MeOH/water extracts contained the highest amount of phenolic contents (28.85 mg GAE/g) while the highest total flavonoid content was obtained with MeOH extract (36.77 mg RE/g). MeOH/water demonstrated highest antioxidant activity against DPPH? radical at 38.90 mg Trolox equivalent per gram. The infusion extract was the most active against ABTS+? (133.08 mg TE/g). MeOH/water extract showed the highest reducing abilities with the CUPRAC value of 102.22 mg TE/g and the FRAP value of 68.50 mg TE/g. A strong metal chelating effect was observed with MeOH/water extract (35.72 mg EDTAE/g). The PBD values of the extracts ranged from 1.01 to 2.17 mmol TE/g. EA extract displayed the highest inhibitory activity against AChE (2.32 mg GALAE/g), BChE (3.80 mg GALAE/g), ?-amylase (0.56 mmol ACAE/g) and ?-glucosidase (9.16 mmol ACAE/g) enzymes. Infusion extract was the most active against tyrosinase enzyme with a value of 83.33 mg KAE/g. A total of 28 compounds were identified from the different extracts. The compounds present in the highest concentration were chlorogenic acids, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, isoquercitrin, delphindin 3,5-diglucoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside and hyperoside. The biological activities of A. elongatum extracts could be due to the presence of compounds such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acids, ellagic acid, epicatechin, catechin, kaempferol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, isoquercitrin, and hyperoside. Extracts of A. elongatum showed promising biological activities which warrants further investigations in an endeavor to develop biopharmaceuticals.Öğe Chemical compositon, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Cnidium silaifolium ssp. orientale (Boiss.) Tutin essential oils(Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 2021) Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Demirci, Betül; Çeçen, Ömer; Tosun, Fatma; Demirci, FatihThe chemical compositions of the essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation from different parts of Cnidium silaifolium ssp. orientale (Boiss.) Tutin were analyzed both by GC-FID and GC/MS, simultaneously. One hundred nine compounds representing 90.1% of the total volatiles in the EOs were identified with the main characteristic compounds alpha-pinene (50.3%) in the root, germacrene D (20.3%) in the fruit, and beta-caryophyllene (18.7%) in the aerial parts of C. silaifolium ssp. orientale. The antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was evaluated by the in vitro microdilution method. Antibacterial succeptibility was observed from the root and aerial part EOs against Staphylococcus aureus (0.039 and 0.156 mg/mL, respectively); while the fruit EO was most effective against Bacillus cereus at 0.07 mg/mL. The antioxidant capacities of the EOs were also evaluated by in vitro DPPH center dot and ABTS center dot+ scavenging assays, where no significant activity was observed compared to ascorbic acid and Trolox.Öğe Comparative in vitro and in silico enzyme inhibitory screening of rosa x damascena and pelargonium graveolens essential oils and geraniol(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023) Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Biltekin, Sevde Nur; Demirci, Betül; Demirci, Fatih; Ghani, UsmanThe present work aims to evaluate Rosa x damascena Herrm. and Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. essential oils, and the major constituent geraniol for their in vitro and in silico inhibitory activities against 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), cyclooxygenase (COX), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE), butyryl cholinesterase (BuChE), and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2) enzymes. Geraniol most potently inhibited the ACE2 relative to other enzymes. R. damascena essential oil moderately inhibited the cancer cell lines with no toxic effects on healthy HEK 293 cells. P. graveolens essential oil inhibited a number of cancer cell lines including A549, MCF7, PC3, and HEK 293 that are reported here for the first time. The molecular docking of geraniol with the target enzymes revealed that it binds to the active sites similar to that of known drugs. Geraniol carries the potential for further drug development due to its drug-like binding mode for the target enzymes. Our work confirms that these essential oils possess similar biological activities due to their similar phytochemistry in terms of the major constituents of the plants. The promising biological activities reported in this work further warrant the inclusion of in vivo studies to establish safe use of the target essential oils and their constituents.Öğe Enzyme-based antiviral potential of cinnamomum verum j. presl. essential oil and ıts major component (e)-cinnamaldehyde(2024) Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Biltekin, Sevde Nur; Ghani, Usman; Demirci, Betül; Demirci, FatihIn the present study, Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. bark essential oil and its main component cinnamaldehyde was evaluated in vitro for neuraminidase (NA), transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2), and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitory activities. The chemical composition of C. verum essential oil was confirmed by both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), where 75.9% (E)-cinnamaldehyde was the major component. The ACE2, NA, and TMPRSS2 enzyme inhibitions of C. verum bark essential oil at 20 ?g/mL concentration, and (E)-cinnamaldehyde (5 ?g/mL) were calculated and compared in the range of 54.2-89.9%. Molecular docking results supported that (E)-cinnam-aldehyde was specific to ACE2 with 89.9% inhibition. Our findings suggest further in vivo studies to confirm the effective and safe use of the essential oil as well as the (E)-cinnamaldehyde.Öğe Evaluation of in vitro anti-cancer effects of Styphnolobium japonicum root extract in human colon (HT-9), brain (U-87), and prostate (PC-3) cancer cell lines(İstanbul University, 2020) Okur, Mehmet Evren; Karakaş, Nihal; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Öztunç, Nurşah; Tosyalı, İbrahim Serkut; Demirci, FatihBackground and Aims: Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott. (Sophora japonica) is a medicinal plant applied for various diseases, in the traditional medicine field. The evaluation of methanol extract of S. japonicum root derived from the Pharma Grade plant drug, was performed in terms of various in vitro biological activities.Methods: The LC-MS analysis was used for the chemical characterization of the methanol extract. The anti-cancer activity was evaluated in colon (HT-9), brain (U-87), and prostate (PC-3) cancer cells by Cell Titer Glo viability assay (Promega) and western blot analysis of PARP (Poly ADP-ribose polymerase) cleavage.Results: The relative amounts of matrine and oxymatrine in the extract were found as 0.49 +/- 0.006 mg/mL and 0.27 +/- 0.016 mg/mL, respectively. The S. japonicum extract showed 53.17 +/- 0.97 mg of gallic acid (GA)/g corresponding to the total phenolic amounts, resulting in relatively moderate antioxidant activity (1.94 +/- 0.23 and 2.79 +/- 0.15 mg/mL) on the in vitro2,2'-azino-bis(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS center dot) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH center dot) assays. Treatment with 10 mg/mL S. japonica root extract for 24h resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability. The cell viability of U-87, HT-29, and PC-3 cancer cell lines was determined as 35 +/- 2.21%, 14 +/- 2.11%, and 46 +/- 5.67%, respectively. The extract showed 5.104, 5.012 and 0.555 mg/mL IC50 values for HT-29, U-87, and PC-3 cell lines, respectively. Particularly, the IC50 value of PC-3 cancer cell line was significantly lower than the healthy human fibroblast cells. In further, the apoptosis in S. japonicum root extract treated PC-3 cells was detected through flow cytometry analysis of Annexin V positive cells and western blot analysis of PARP cleavage.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the methanol extract in determined doses induces the apoptosis of the PC-3 cancer cells, without any significant cytotoxic effect on healthy human fibroblast cells. In addition, the LCMS analysis showed the presence of matrine and oxymatrine, which are known for their anticancer activity. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first preliminary results indicating the possible use of S. japonicum root extract. Thus, the methanol extract can be further studied for its therapeutic potential of primarily prostate and other cancer types.Öğe Hemostatic activity of cistus creticus extract in wistar albino rats(Springer Nature, 2020) Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Çaşkurlu, Ayşegül; Okur, Mehmet Evren; Güzelmeriç, Etil; Üstündağ Okur, Neslihan; Tosun, Fatma; Yeşilada, Erdem; Demirci, FatihAerial part preparations of Cistus creticus L., Cistaceae, are traditionally used in Anatolia as a hemostatic agent. The air-dried aerial parts were extracted with methanol. Gels were prepared, followed by the hemostatic activity evaluation using Wistar albino rats in vivo tail tip amputation model. The chemical characterization of the total extract was performed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. The methanol extract was loaded to a hydrogel base to complete a concentration of 2.5 and 7.5%. As a result, the 2.5% extract gel was found more effective on both bleeding time and amount. Hyperoside and tiliroside, which may be the components responsible for the hemostatic properties of the analyzed plant material, were dereplicated as major constituents.Öğe Herbal preparations used against fatty liver disease: Systematic review(Turkiye Klinikleri, 2022) Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Demirci, FatihThe fatty liver disease is defined as more than 5% of liver histiocytes filled with fatty vacuoles, depending on diet and indepen- dent of alcohol consumption. As it is known, fatty liver and related dis- orders are common, but still have no effective treatment. It is one of the important health problems in developed countries, associated with social and economic problems. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is among the most common chronic metabolic disorders. It was observed that the prevalence of NAFLD has increased significantly worldwide in recent years. With advancing obesity epidemics, NAFLD has become the most common cause of chronic liver disease both in adults and children. Therefore, the clinical and economic burden of the disease is remarkable and increasing within the health system. While fatty liver is a metabolic disorder that has no definite drug treatment today, there are some traditional preparations used for this purpose as ethnobotanically. According to ethnobotanical studies in the current lit- erature associated to liver diseases; various in vitro, in vivo, or clinical experimental studies were reported with successful results. Thus, in this present review, studies on natural sourced raw materials, herbal for- mulations related to liver diseases, especially fatty liver, obesity, hy- perlipidemia were compiled mainly from ethnobotanical origin.Öğe In vitro ACE2 and 5-LOX enzyme inhibition by menthol and three different mint essential oils(SAGE Publications Inc., 2021) Demirci, Fatih; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Biltekin, Sevde Nur; Demirci, BetülMentha arvensis L., M. citrata L., and M. spicata L. (family Lamiaceae) essential oils, and their characteristic constituent, menthol, were evaluated in vitro for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme inhibitory activity. The chemical compositions of M. arvensis, M. citrata, and M. spicata essential oils were analysed both by GC-FID, and GC/MS; 82.0%, 38.1%, and 0.4% menthol were identified, respectively. M. spicata essential oil contained 88.2% carvone as its major component. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the essential oils were evaluated using a fluorometric multiplate based enzyme inhibition kit; the ACE2 inhibitions produced by M. arvensis, M. citrata, and M. spicata essential oils were 33%, 22%, and 73%, while the 5-LOX inhibitions were 84%, 79%, and 70%, respectively. In addition, menthol also showed remarkable ACE2 inhibition of 99.8%, whereas the 5-LOX inhibition was 79.9%. As a result, menthol and the three different mint essential oils may have antiviral potential applications against coronaviruses due to their ACE2 enzyme inhibition and anti-inflammatory features. However, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the safety and efficacy.Öğe In vitro ACE2 and 5-LOX inhibition of rosmarinus officinalis l. essential oil and its major component 1,8-cineole(ACG Publications, 2022) Demirci, Fatih; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Biltekin, Sevde Nur; Demirci, BetülIn this present study, Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil, and its major component 1,8-cineole was evaluated in vitro for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as well as for 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme inhibitory activity. The essential oil composition was confirmed both by GC-FID and GC/MS, where 1,8-cineole (62.7%), alpha-pinene (12.6 %), and camphor (8.3 %) were identified as the main constituents. Activity studies were performed at concentrations of 20 mu g/mL for essential oil, and 5 mu g/mL for the major compound 1,8-cineole, which were compared experimentally with standards. The essential oil was evaluated using a fluorometric multiplate based enzyme inhibition kit, where the ACE2 inhibition of Rosmarinus aetheroleum was 20%, while the 5-LOX inhibition was observed as 81.1%, respectively. In addition, the major constituent 1,8-cineole also showed remarkable ACE2 inhibition with 89.2%, and 5-LOX inhibition with 37.2%, respectively. As a result, the cineole chemotype rosemary essential oil, and its major constituent 1,8-cineol may have antiviral potential applications against coronaviruses due to ACE2 enzyme inhibition with anti-inflammatory effects. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of essential oils and their constituents.Öğe In vitro ACE2 enzyme inhibitory activity evaluation of different salvia essential oils(Istanbul Medipol University, 2022) Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Biltekin, Sevde Nur; Demirci, Betül; Demirci, FatihIn this present study, commertially available Salvia triloba L., S.officinalis L., and S. sclarea L. essential oils were evaluated for their in vitro angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitory activity. The Salvia essential oils compositions were confirmed both by GC-FID and GC/MS. Main components of the S. triloba essential oil was characterized as 1,8-cineole (22.8%), camphor (17.2%), ?-thujone (15.2 %), ?-caryophyllene (11.4 %), and ?-humulene (3%). Major constiutents were identified as ?-thujone (28.5 %), camphor (20.6 %), 1,8-cineole (10.9%), ?-humulene (5%), and camphene (4.9 %) in S. officinalis essential oil. Whereas, linalylacetate (56.8 %), linalool (21.1%), ?-terpineol (6.1%), geraniol (5%), and ?-caryophyllene (3.4%) were the major components of S. sclarea essential oil. The essential oils were evaluated using a fluorometric multiplate based enzyme inhibition kit, where the ACE2 inhi-bitions of S. triloba, S. officinalis, and S. sclarea essential oils were 50.1%, 60.5%, and 72.1% at a concentration of 20 µg/mL, respectively. As a result, further tests of Salvia essential oils supported by in vivo studies may have antiviral potential ap-plications against coronaviruses due to ACE2 enzyme inhibitions.Öğe In vitro and in silico evaluation of ACE2 and LOX inhibitory activity of eucalyptus essential oils, 1,8-cineole, and citronellal(SAGE Publications Inc., 2022) Ak Sakallı, Ezgi; Teralı, Kerem; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Biltekin, Sevde Nur; Koşar, Müberra; Demirci, Betül; Başer, Kemal Hüsnü Can; Demirci, FatihEucalyptus essential oils are well-known and used especially in upper respiratory tract pathologies or diseases as herbal drug preparations. In the present study, the in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme inhibitory potentials of commercial Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. essential oils were evaluated for their potential anti-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, the major components, 1,8-cineole and citronellal, were evaluated for their ability to bind at the active site of either human ACE2 or human 5-LOX using an in silico setting. Before activity evaluation, Eucalyptus globulus and E citriodora essential oils were analysed by GC/FID and GC/MS, where 1,8-cineole (30%), and citronellal (80%) were identified as the major components, respectively. The in vitro ACE2 inhibition was calculated as 94.9% for E globulus, and that of E citriodora essential oil as 83.4%. In vitro LOX inhibition experiments for essential oils in the same order showed inhibitions of 71.3 and 91.4%, respectively, at 20 µg/mL test concentrations in microplate-based fluorometric assays. In addition, protein–ligand docking, and interaction profiling was used to gain structural and mechanistic insights into the in silico ACE2 and LOX inhibitory potentials of the major Eucalyptus essential oil constituents, 1,8-cineole as well as citronellal. The resulting data supported the in vitro findings; however, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the activity.Öğe In vitro and in silico evaluation of ACE2 and LOX inhibitory activity of origanum essential oils and carvacrol(Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2023) Demirci, Fatih; Teralı, Kerem; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Biltekin, Sevde Nur; Ak Sakallı, Ezgi; Demirci, Betül; Koşar, Müberra; Başer, Kemal Hüsnü CanOriganum spp. are used both for culinary purposes and for their biological activities. In this study, commercial Origanum majorana, Origanum minutiflorum, Origanum vulgare, and Origanum onites essential oils and their prominent constituent carvacrol were evaluated for their in vitro and in silico angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitory potentials. The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, where carvacrol was identified as the major component (62?-?81%), confirming the quality. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays were conducted both with the essential oils (20?µg/mL) and with carvacrol (5?µg/mL). The comparative values of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 percent inhibition for O. majorana, O. minutiflorum, O. vulgare, and O. onites essential oils were determined as 85.5, 79.1, 74.3, and 42.8%, respectively. As a result of the enzyme assays, carvacrol showed 90.7% in vitro angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitory activity. The in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition of the essential oils (in the same order) was 89.4, 78.9, 81.1, and 73.5%, respectively, where carvacrol showed 74.8% inhibition. In addition, protein-ligand docking and interaction profiling was used to gain structural and mechanistic insights into the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and lipoxygenase inhibitory potentials of major Origanum essential oil constituents. The in silico findings agreed with the significant enzyme inhibition activity observed in vitro. Further in vivo studies are suggested to confirm the safety and efficacy of the oils.Öğe In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of Tanacetum parthenium L. extract and its major metabolite parthenolide(Istanbul Medipol University, 2024) Baydar, Rengin; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Biltekin, Sevde Nur; Güzelmeriç, Etil; Demirci, FatihTanacetum parthenium L. (Feverfew) is daisy-like Asteraceae plant carrying sesquiterpene lactones; used for the treatment of migraine and anti-inflamma-tory effect. This study aims to evaluate T. parthenium extract and major metabolite parthenolide for in vitro COX-1/COX-2, LOX inhibitory activity. The extract analyzed by HPTLC. To evaluate COX-1/COX-2 inhibition assays, stud-ied with commercial kits (20µg/mL concentration for extract, 5 µg/mL for par-thenolide). The major component of extract characterized as parthenolide. IC50 values for COX-1/COX-2 inhibition of extract were 10.45 and 9.81µg/mL, for parthenolide; 4.86 and 1.90µg/mL. SI values of T. parthenium extract and par-thenolide were 0.93 and 0.39. Extract showed selective COX-2 inhibitory activ-ity. The inhibition value of extract on LOX was 80% and inhibition value of par-thenolide was 41.13%. The results suggested that T. parthenium extract showed selective potential for COX-2 enzyme inhibition. To the best of our knowledge, the extract was tested with COX-1, COX-2, and LOX enzymes for the first time.Öğe In vitro anti-inflammatory and anticancer evaluation of mentha spicata l. and matricaria chamomilla l. essential oils(American Chemical Society, 2023) Biltekin, Sevde Nur; Karadağ, Ayşe Esra; Demirci, Fatih; Demirci, BetülSpearmint, Mentha spicata L., and the German chamomile, Matricaria chamomilla L., preparations are used against inflammatory conditions traditionally and in modern medicinal applications. This present study aimed to evaluate pharma-grade essential oils for their in vitro anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects using COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzyme assays, as well as their apoptosis potential through the caspase pathway. In addition, the (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay was applied to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic effects using HEK293/A549, MCF7, and PC3 cell lines. Major components of M. spicata essential oil were confirmed both by gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detector (FID) and GC/ mass spectrometry (MS) as 72.8% carvone, 12.6% limonene, 2.2% 1,8-cineole, 1.3% myrcene, and 1% trans-dihydrocarvone. The major components of M . chamomilla essential oil were also confirmed as 47.9% alpha-bisabolol oxide A, 16.8% alpha-bisabolol, 13.8%, (Z)-beta-farnesene, 5.8% alpha-bisabolol oxide, and 4.7% alpha-bisabolene oxide A. The IC50 values for M . chamomilla essential oil on A549, MCF7, PC3, and HEK293 cells were calculated as 208.54 +/- 1.39, 315.44 +/- 1.17, 197.52 +/- 0.98, and 638.79 +/- 1.15 mu g/mL, respectively, whereas the IC50 values for M . spicata essential oil on A549, MCF7, and PC3 cells were 672.13 +/- 2.57, 708.27 +/- 2.05, and 206.49 +/- 1.48 mu g/mL, respectively. For M . spicata essential oil, no cytotoxic effects on healthy HEK293 cells were observed at the tested concentrations. The essential oils increased the apoptotic activity, where all results were statistically significant. According to the anti-inflammatory evaluation, both M . chamomilla and M . spicata oils showed selective COX-2 inhibitions, where the SI values were calculated as 0.30 and 0.67, respectively. Overall, both M . spicata and M . chamomilla essential oils showed selective inhibition on the COX-2 enzyme and apoptosis against the selected cancer cell lines for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, with this specific dual mode of action. The initial results encourage further detailed in vivo experimental evaluations.
