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Öğe Afazili bireylerde dil becerileri ve istatistiki öğrenme becerisi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi(Dilbilim Derneği, 2023) Bulut, Talat; Bahar, EmineÖZ: Afazi; bireylerdeki çeşitli dil, konuşma ve iletişim becerilerinde sorunlara yol açan bir dil bozukluğudur. Afazinin yalnızca dil becerilerinde değil, bilişsel beceriler üzerinde de etkisi olduğu düşünülmektedir. Mevcut çalışmada istatistiki öğrenmenin dil becerileri üzerindeki etkisi ve afazi ile olası ilişkisinin araştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Ayrıca farklı algısal alanlardaki (işitsel ve görsel alanlar) istatistiki öğrenme becerisinin dil becerilerini farklı şekilde etkileyip etkilemediği araştırmanın alt amacıdır. Bu amaçla afazi grubu (n = 16) ve bu bireylerle yaş ve eğitim seviyesi açısından eşleştirilmiş sağlıklı kontrol grubundaki (n = 29) bireylerden bilişsel beceriler (görsel ve işitsel istatistiki öğrenme, sözel olmayan zekâ) ve dil becerilerine (Afazi Dil Değerlendirme Testi) ilişkin ölçümler alınmıştır. Elde edilen veriler Kruskal-Wallis testleri ve çoklu regresyon modelleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Afazi Dil Değerlendirme Testi skorları ile istatistiki öğrenme skorları arasındaki ilişki incelediğinde okuma, konuşma akıcılığı ve dilbilgisi alt testlerinde görsel istatistiki öğrenmenin pozitif yönlü yordayıcı etkisi görülmüştür. Özellikle görsel istatistiki öğrenme becerisinin afazide dil becerileri ile ilişkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bulguların afazi değerlendirme ve terapi süreçlerini etkileyebilecek potansiyeli bulunmaktadır.Öğe Agramatik afazide sözdizimsel işlemleme sürecinin göz izleme tekniği kullanılarak incelenmesi(İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2022) Yaman, Volkan; Bulut, TalatAgramatik afazili bireyler morfosentaktik olarak karmaşık cümleleri anlamada güçlük yaşamaktadır. Bu güçlüğü açıklamak için öne sürülen İz Silme Hipotezine göre agramatik afazili bireyler sözdizimsel becerilerindeki yetersizlik dolayısıyla dolgu-boşluk yapılarında cümleleri anlamada sorun yaşamaktadırlar. Yavaş İşlemleme Hipotezine göre ise agramatik afazide sözcüksel temsillere ulaşmada, böylelikle cümlenin anlaşılmasında yavaşlama olmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, göz izleme tekniği kullanarak agramatik afazide morfosentaktik işlemleme süreçlerini incelemek, agramatik afaziye ilişkin bu iki hipotezi test etmektir. Çalışma kapsamında yaş ve eğitim seviyesi bakımından eşleştirilmiş agramatik afazili (n = 5) ve sağlıklı kontrol (n = 15) katılımcıları Türkçe kanonik, çalkalanmış ve dolgu cümleleri dinlemişler, bu esnada katılımcıların cümlelerle ilgili ekrana yansıtılan resimlere bakış oranları incelenmiştir. Agramatik afazi ve kontrol gruplarında cümle sonu anlama sorularına ilişkin bulgular, en kolay ve hızlı anlaşılan cümlelerin anlamsal ipuçları içeren dolgu cümleleri olduğunu, daha sonra morfosentaktik çözümleme gerektiren kanonik cümleler ve çalkalanmış cümlelerin geldiğini göstermiştir. Göz hareketlerine ilişkin doğru resme bakma oranları incelendiğinde ise kontrol ve agramatik afazi grubunun farklılık gösterdiği, kontrol grubunun cümlenin erken kısımlarından itibaren tüm cümle türlerinde doğru resme ulaşabildiği görülmüştür. Agramatik afazi grubu ise daha düşük doğru resme bakış oranları sergilemiş ve ancak cümle sonuna doğru, doğru resme ulaşabilmiştir. Agramatik afazi grubunda göz hareketlerine ilişkin bulgular, katılımcıların ilk gördükleri ad öbeğini cümlenin edeni olarak analiz etmediğini ve cümle işlemleme sürecinde genel bir yavaşlama sergilediklerini ortaya koymuştur. Çalışmanın bulguları Yavaş İşlemleme Hipotezi ile örtüşmektedir. Göz izleme tekniğinin afazide dil işlemleme süreçlerinin incelenmesi açısından uygun bir teknik olduğu ve aynı zamanda tanısal bir araç olarak kullanılma potansiyeli olduğu düşünülmektedir.Öğe Characterization of speech and language phenotype in the 8p23.1 syndrome(2024) Karsan, Çağdaş; Ocak, Feyzanur; Bulut, TalatThe 8p23.1 duplication syndrome is a rare genetic condition with an estimated prevalence rate of 1 out of 58,000. Although the syndrome was associated with speech and language delays, a comprehensive assessment of speech and language functions has not been undertaken in this population. To address this issue, the present study reports rigorous speech and language, in addition to oral-facial and developmental, assessment of a 50-month-old Turkish-speaking boy who was diagnosed with the 8p23.1 duplication syndrome. Standardized tests of development, articulation and phonology, receptive and expressive language and a language sample analysis were administered to characterize speech and language skills in the patient. The language sample was obtained in an ecologically valid, free play and conversation context. The language sample was then analyzed and compared to a database of age-matched typically-developing children (n = 33) in terms of intelligibility, morphosyntax, semantics/vocabulary, discourse, verbal facility and percentage of errors at word and utterance levels. The results revealed mild to severe problems in articulation and phonology, receptive and expressive language skills, and morphosyntax (mean length of utterance in morphemes). Future research with larger sample sizes and employing detailed speech and language assessment is needed to delineate the speech and language profile in individuals with the 8p23.1 duplication syndrome, which will guide targeted speech and language interventions.Öğe Contributions of the left and right thalami to language: A meta-analytic approach(2024) Bulut, Talat; Hagoort, PeterBackground: Despite a pervasive cortico-centric view in cognitive neuroscience, subcortical structures including the thalamus have been shown to be increasingly involved in higher cognitive functions. Previous structural and functional imaging studies demonstrated cortico-thalamo-cortical loops which may support various cognitive functions including language. However, large-scale functional connectivity of the thalamus during language tasks has not been examined before. Methods: The present study employed meta-analytic connectivity modeling to identify language-related coactivation patterns of the left and right thalami. The left and right thalami were used as regions of interest to search the BrainMap functional database for neuroimaging experiments with healthy participants reporting language-related activations in each region of interest. Activation likelihood estimation analyses were then carried out on the foci extracted from the identified studies to estimate functional convergence for each thalamus. A functional decoding analysis based on the same database was conducted to characterize thalamic contributions to different language functions. Results: The results revealed bilateral frontotemporal and bilateral subcortical (basal ganglia) coactivation patterns for both the left and right thalami, and also right cerebellar coactivations for the left thalamus, during language processing. In light of previous empirical studies and theoretical frameworks, the present connectivity and functional decoding findings suggest that cortico-subcortical-cerebellar-cortical loops modulate and fine-tune information transfer within the bilateral frontotemporal cortices during language processing, especially during production and semantic operations, but also other language (e.g., syntax, phonology) and cognitive operations (e.g., attention, cognitive control). Conclusion: The current findings show that the language-relevant network extends beyond the classical left perisylvian cortices and spans bilateral cortical, bilateral subcortical (bilateral thalamus, bilateral basal ganglia) and right cerebellar regions.Öğe Cortical organization of action and object naming in Turkish: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study(2024) Bulut, Talat; Temiz, GülkaderIt is controversial whether the linguistic distinction between nouns and verbs is reflected in the cortical organization of the lexicon. Neuropsychological studies of aphasia and neuroimaging studies have associated the left prefrontal cortex, particularly Broca's area, with verbs/actions, and the left posterior temporal cortex, particularly Wernicke's area, with nouns/objects. However, more recent research has revealed that evidence for this distinction is inconsistent. Against this background, the present study employed low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to investigate the dissociation of action and object naming in Broca's and Wernicke's areas in Turkish. Thirty-six healthy adult participants took part in the study. In two experiments, low-frequency (1 Hz) inhibitory rTMS was administered at 100% of motor threshold for 10 minutes to suppress the activity of the left prefrontal cortex spanning Broca's area or the left posterior temporal cortex spanning Wernicke's area. A picture naming task involving objects and actions was employed before and after the stimulation sessions to examine any pre- to post-stimulation changes in naming latencies. Linear mixed models that included various psycholinguistic covariates including frequency, visual and conceptual complexity, age of acquisition, name agreement and word length were fitted to the data. The findings showed that conceptual complexity, age of acquisition of the target word and name agreement had a significant effect on naming latencies, which was consistent across both experiments. Critically, the findings significantly associated Broca's area, but not Wernicke's area, in the distinction between naming objects and actions. Suppression of Broca's area led to a significant and robust increase in naming latencies (or slowdown) for objects and a marginally significant, but not robust, reduction in naming latencies (or speedup) for actions. The findings suggest that actions and objects in Turkish can be dissociated in Broca's area.Öğe Domain-general and domain-specific functional networks of Broca's area underlying language processing(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2023) Bulut, TalatIntroductionDespite abundant research on the role of Broca's area in language processing, there is still no consensus on language specificity of this region and its connectivity network. MethodsThe present study employed the meta-analytic connectivity modeling procedure to identify and compare domain-specific (language-specific) and domain-general (shared between language and other domains) functional connectivity patterns of three subdivisions within the broadly defined Broca's area: pars opercularis (IFGop), pars triangularis (IFGtri), and pars orbitalis (IFGorb) of the left inferior frontal gyrus. ResultsThe findings revealed a left-lateralized frontotemporal network for all regions of interest underlying domain-specific linguistic functions. The domain-general network, however, spanned frontoparietal regions that overlap with the multiple-demand network and subcortical regions spanning the thalamus and the basal ganglia. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that language specificity of Broca's area emerges within a left-lateralized frontotemporal network, and that domain-general resources are garnered from frontoparietal and subcortical networks when required by task demands.Öğe Hijacking limitations of working memory load to test for composition in language(2024) Ullman, Michael T.; Bulut, Talat; Walenski, MatthewAlthough language depends on storage and composition, just what is stored or (de)composed remains unclear. We leveraged working memory load limitations to test for composition, hypothesizing that decomposed forms should particularly tax working memory. We focused on a well-studied paradigm, English inflectional morphology. We predicted that (compositional) regulars should be harder to maintain in working memory than (non-compositional) irregulars, using a 3-back production task. Frequency, phonology, orthography, and other potentially confounding factors were controlled for. Compared to irregulars, regulars and their accompanying -s/-ing-affixed filler items yielded more errors. Underscoring the decomposition of only regulars, regulars yielded more bare-stem (e.g., walk) and stem affixation errors (walks/walking) than irregulars, whereas irregulars yielded more past-tense-form affixation errors (broughts/tolded). In line with previous evidence that regulars can be stored under certain conditions, the regular-irregular difference held specifically for phonologically consistent (not inconsistent) regulars, in particular for both low and high frequency consistent regulars in males, but only for low frequency consistent regulars in females. Sensitivity analyses suggested the findings were robust. The study further elucidates the computation of inflected forms, and introduces a simple diagnostic for linguistic composition.Öğe Is there a processing preference for object relative clauses in chinese? Evidence from erps(Frontiers Media Sa, 2018) Bulut, Talat; Cheng, Shih-Kuen; Xu, Kun-Yu; Hung, Daisy L.; Wu, Denise H.A consistent finding across head-initial languages, such as English, is that subject relative clauses (SRCs) are easier to comprehend than object relative clauses (ORCs). However, several studies in Mandarin Chinese, a head-final language, revealed the opposite pattern, which might be modulated by working memory (WM) as suggested by recent results from self-paced reading performance. In the present study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded when participants with high and low WM spans (measured by forward digit span and operation span tests) read Chinese ORCs and SRCs. The results revealed an N400-P600 complex elicited by ORCs on the relativizer, whose magnitude was modulated by the WM span. On the other hand, a P600 effect was elicited by SRCs on the head noun, whose magnitude was not affected by the WM span. These findings paint a complex picture of relative clause processing in Chinese such that opposing factors involving structural ambiguities and integration of filler-gap dependencies influence processing dynamics in Chinese relative clauses.Öğe Meta-analytic connectivity modeling of the left and right inferior frontal gyri(Masson SpA, 2022) Bulut, TalatBackground: Neurocognitive models of language processing highlight the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in the functional network underlying language. Furthermore, neuroscience research has shown that IFG is not a uniform region anatomically, cytoarchitectonically or functionally. However, no previous study explored the language-related functional connectivity patterns of IFG subdivisions using a meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) approach. Purpose: The present MACM study aimed to identify language-related coactivation patterns of the left and right IFG subdivisions. Method: Six regions of interest (ROIs) were defined using a probabilistic brain atlas corresponding to pars opercularis, pars triangularis and pars orbitalis of IFG in both hemispheres. The ROIs were used to search the BrainMap functional database to identify neuroimaging experiments with healthy, right-handed participants reporting language-related activations in each ROI. Activation likelihood estimation analyses were then performed on the foci extracted from the identified studies to compute functional convergence for each ROI, which was also contrasted with the other ROIs within the same hemisphere. Results: A primarily left-lateralized functional network was revealed for the left and right IFG subdivisions. The left-hemispheric ROIs exhibited more robust coactivation than the right-hemispheric ROIs. Particularly, the left pars opercularis was associated with the most extensive coactivation pattern involving bilateral frontal, bilateral parietal, left temporal, left subcortical, and right cerebellar regions, while the left pars triangularis and orbitalis revealed a predominantly left-lateralized involvement of frontotemporal regions. Conclusion: The findings align with the neurocognitive models of language processing that propose a division of labor among the left IFG subdivisions and their respective functional networks. Also, the opercular part of left IFG stands out as a major hub in the language network with connections to diverse cortical, subcortical and cerebellar structures.Öğe Neural correlates of morphological processing: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis(Masson SpA, 2022) Bulut, TalatBackground: Morphemes are the smallest building blocks of language that convey meaning or function. A controversial issue in psycho- and neurolinguistics is whether morphologically complex words consisting of multiple morphemes are processed in a combinatorial manner and, if so, which brain regions underlie this process. Relatively less is known about the neural underpinnings of morphological processing compared to other aspects of grammatical competence such as syntax. Purpose: The present study aimed to shed light on the neural correlates of morphological processing by examining functional convergence for inflectional morphology reported in previous neuroimaging studies. Method: A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed with search terms related to morphological complexity and neuroimaging. 16 studies (279 subjects) comparing regular inflection with stems or irregular inflection met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were subjected to a series of activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses. Results: Significant functional convergence was found in several mainly left frontal regions for processing inflectional morphology. Specifically, the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) was found to be consistently involved in morphological complexity. Diagnostic analyses revealed that involvement of posterior LIFG was robust against potential publication bias and over-influence of individual studies. Furthermore, LIFG involvement was maintained in meta-analyses of subsets of experiments that matched phonological complexity between conditions, although diagnostic analyses suggested that this conclusion may be premature. Conclusion: The findings provide evidence for combinatorial processing of morphologically complex words and inform psycholinguistic accounts of complex word processing. Furthermore, they highlight the role of LIFG in processing inflectional morphology, in addition to syntactic processing as has been emphasized in previous research. In particular, posterior LIFG seems to underlie grammatical functions encompassing inflectional morphology and syntax.Öğe Neural correlates of processing sentences and compound words in Chinese(Public Library Science, 2017) Bulut, Talat; Hung, Yihui; Tzeng, Ovid; Wu, Denise HsienSentence reading involves multiple linguistic operations including processing of lexical and compositional semantics, and determining structural and grammatical relationships among words. Previous studies on Indo-European languages have associated left anterior temporal lobe (aTL) and left interior frontal gyrus (IFG) with reading sentences compared to reading unstructured word lists. To examine whether these brain regions are also involved in reading a typologically distinct language with limited morphosyntax and lack of agreement between sentential arguments, an FMRI study was conducted to compare passive reading of Chinese sentences, unstructured word lists and disconnected character lists that are created by only changing the order of an identical set of characters. Similar to previous findings from other languages, stronger activation was found in mainly left-lateralized anterior temporal regions (including aTL) for reading sentences compared to unstructured word and character lists. On the other hand, stronger activation was identified in left posterior temporal sulcus for reading unstructured words compared to unstructured characters. Furthermore, reading unstructured word lists compared to sentences evoked stronger activation in left IFG and left inferior parietal lobule. Consistent with the literature on Indo-European languages, the present results suggest that left anterior temporal regions subserve sentence-level integration, while left IFG supports restoration of sentence structure. In addition, left posterior temporal sulcus is associated with morphological compounding. Taken together, reading Chinese sentences engages a common network as reading other languages, with particular reliance on integration of semantic constituents.Öğe Public awareness of childhood language impairment in Turkey: A descriptive study(Turkiye Klinikleri, 2022) Kement, Nurcan; Topbaş, Saime Seyhun; Bulut, TalatObjective: Childhood language impairment (CLI), also known as developmental language disorder, adversely affects children’s expressive and/or receptive language development. Although relatively significant action has been taken to raise public awareness about other developmental disorders in Turkey, limited attention has been paid to CLI. Moreover, no previous study has been conducted about awareness of the Turkish population about CLI. Material and Methods: We carried out the Turkish version of a survey developed by Working Group 3 of COST Action IS1406 to estimate public awareness of CLI regarding its nature, causes and the problems associated with it. Data were collected in the form of face-to-face interviews. The sample included 87 participants from socio-economically diverse districts of İstanbul, Turkey, determined on the basis of the Human Development Index. Results: A significantly lower number of the participants reported having heard of CLI compared to autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and speech disorder. Another finding was that women with children reported having heard of CLI significantly more than those without children. It was also observed that the participants had inadequate knowledge of the problems that individuals with CLI have and of its causes. Conclusion: The current findings highlight the need to take more action to raise public awareness about CLI in Turkey.Öğe The contribution of statistical learning to language and literacy acquisition(Academic Press Inc., 2020) Wu, Denise Hsien; Bulut, TalatAcquisition and processing of written and spoken language is an impressive cognitive accomplishment considering the complexity of the tasks. While only humans seem to have evolved to the fullest extent the capacity that underpins these remarkable feats of development and civilization, the exact nature of such capacity has been subject to ongoing research. In this chapter, we focus on language competence and what makes it unique among the communication systems of different species. We then elaborate on the classical debate between nativist and environmentalist accounts of language acquisition, with reference to evidence for and against the critical period hypothesis. After introducing the regularity embedded in different languages and particularly in drastically different orthographies, we present behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for the sensitivity to systematic mapping between orthography and phonology. Because learning to read is to master such mapping, we assume that the ability to use statistical learning to appreciate the dependency among items would contribute to literacy acquisition. Empirical results from behavioral and neuroimaging experiments conducted in our and other laboratories provide support for the close link between statistical learning and literacy acquisition in native and foreign language. Such findings highlight the significance of domain-general statistical learning to domain-specific language acquisition, and point to an important direction for theories and practices of language education.Öğe The effects of single-session cathodal and bihemispheric tDCS on fluency in stuttering(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Karsan, Çağdaş; Özdemir, Ramazan Sertan; Bulut, Talat; Hanoğlu, LütfüDevelopmental stuttering is a fluency disorder that adversely affect many aspects of a person's life. Recent transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) studies have shown promise to improve fluency in people who stutter. To date, bihemispheric tDCS has not been investigated in this population. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of single-session bihemispheric and unihemispheric cathodal tDCS on fluency in adults who stutter. We predicted that bihemispheric tDCS with anodal stimulation to the left IFG and cathodal stimulation to the right IFG would improve fluency better than the sham and cathodal tDCS to the right IFG. Seventeen adults who stutter completed this single-blind, crossover, sham-controlled tDCS experiment. All participants received 20 min of tDCS alongside metronome-timed speech during intervention sessions. Three tDCS interventions were administered: bihemispheric tDCS with anodal stimulation to the left IFG and cathodal stimulation to the right IFG, unihemispheric tDCS with cathodal stimulation to the right IFG, and sham stimulation. Speech fluency during reading and conversation was assessed before, immediately after, and one week after each intervention session. There was no significant fluency improvement in conversation for any tDCS interventions. Reading fluency improved following both bihemispheric and cathodal tDCS interventions. tDCS montages were not significantly different in their effects on fluency.Öğe Tu?rkc?e nesne ve eylem resimlerinin adlandırılması: Psikodilbilimsel veritabanı c?alıs?ması(İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2022) Eskioğlu, Elif İkbal; Bulut, TalatAdlandırma, çeşitli dil ve konuşma modellerine dahil edilmiş karmaşık bir bilişsel sürecin parçasıdır. Sağlıklı yetişkinlerde adlandırma sürecini incelemek için sıklıkla resim adlandırma görevine başvurulmaktadır. Bilişsel süreçlerin güvenilir şekilde incelenmesi, normatif veri tabanlarını gerektirir. Bu c?alıs?manın öncelikli amacı ana dili Tu?rkc?e olan sag?lıklı yetis?kinlerin nesne ve eylem adlandırma gecikmelerini (latans) belirleyerek klinik ve bilimsel c?alıs?malarda kullanılmak üzere belirli bir resim ve sözcük grubuna ait psikodilbilimsel özelliklerin sunulduğu normatif bir veritabanı olus?turmaktır. Ayrıca mevcut çalışmada başsözcük sıklığı, edinim yaşı, adlandırma uyumu (H istatistiği), sözcük türü, sözcük uzunluğu, görsel karmaşıklık ve kavramsal karmaşıklık değişkenlerinin adlandırma gecikmesi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya 18 ile 40 yaş arasındaki 40 sağlıklı yetişkin katılmıştır. Katılımcılardan Uluslararası Resim Adlandırma Projesi (International Picture-Naming Project-IPNP) kapsamında oluşturulmuş olan veritabanından alınan 198 nesne ve 62 eylem resmini adlandırmaları istenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda oluşturulan veritabanında her bir nesne ve eylem resmi için çeşitli psikodilbilimsel değişkenlere ek olarak adlandırma gecikmesi ve adlandırma uyumu değişkenleri hesaplanmış ve Ek-1'de sunulmuştur. Ayrıca resimlerin, adlandırma uyumu (H istatistiği) ve adlandırma gecikmesi bakımından %25'lik dilimlere göre dağılımları belirlenmiştir. Adlandırma gecikmesini anlamlı ölçüde yordayan değişkenlerin belirlenmesi için yapılan doğrusal karışık etki modellerinde ise adlandırma gecikmesi ile H istatistiği, edinim yaşı, kavramsal karmaşıklık ve başsözcük sıklığı arasında anlamlı ve pozitif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında oluşturulan veritabanının sağlıklı ve klinik popülasyonlarda gerçekleştirilecek çalışmalar için önemli bir kaynak oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir.Öğe Türkçede sözdizimsel işlemleme sürecinin özgül dil bozukluğu olan ve tipik gelişim gösteren çocuklarda incelenmesi: Göz izleme çalışması(İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2022) İşleyen, Melih Tunga; Bulut, TalatÖzgül dil bozukluğu, herhangi bir kognitif veya nörolojik sorun olmaksızın dilin bir veya birkaç bileşeninde görülen yetersizliktir. Bu çalışma Türkçede morfosentaktik işlemleme sürecinin özgül dil bozukluğu (ÖDB) olan ve tipik gelişim gösteren (TGG) çocuklarda incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla ÖDB olan ve TGG çocukların morfosentaktik işlemlemeyle ilgili göz hareketleri analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmaya yaşları 5;4 ila 8;7 arasında değişen ÖDB olan 6 çocuk ve TGG 9 çocuk olmak üzere toplamda 15 çocuk katılmıştır. Göz izleme çalışması kapsamında katılımcılara morfosentaktik ve anlamsal özellikleri farklı kanonik, çalkalanmış ve dolgu cümleleri dinletilmiş, eşzamanlı olarak ekrana bu cümlelerle ilgili resimler yansıtılmıştır. Göz izleme sistemi ile katılımcıların göz hareketleri kaydedilerek cümlelerle ilgili doğru resme bakış oranları hesaplanmıştır. ÖDB olan bireylerin morfosentaktik işlemleme sürecinde hem zamansal olarak hem de doğru cevap oranları açısından TGG gruptan daha düşük performans gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. Genel olarak en zor işlemlenen yapıların morfosentaktik olarak karmaşık çalkalanmış cümleler, daha sonra kanonik ve en kolay da anlamsal ipuçlarıyla çözümlenebilen dolgu cümleleri olduğu görülmüştür. ÖDB grubunda özellikle kanonik ve çalkalanmış cümlelerin tüm ilgi periyotlarında hedef resme bakış oranları şans seviyesinde kalmıştır. Ayrıca ÖDB grubunun kısa süreli bellek skorlarının TGG grubuna göre daha düşük olduğu, üstelik katılımcıların kısa süreli bellek skorlarıyla doğru resme bakış oranları arasında pozitif yönlü bir korelasyon olduğu görülmüştür. ÖDB'de cümle işlemleme sürecindeki güçlüklerin kısa süreli bellek kapasitesindeki sınırlılıkla ilişkili olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.Öğe Turkey(Taylor and Francis, 2019) Topbaş, Seyhun; Bulut, Talat; Günhan, Nazmiye EvraThis book is about the management of children and young people with developmental language disorders (DLD). DLD is a relatively common condition affecting children and young people. The latest figures suggest that 9 per cent of children experience it at school entry. DLD occurs when the child’s language skills are judged to be significantly delayed relative to those of children of the same age. This judgement is usually made by means of a combination of formal assessment, observations of linguistic performance and professional judgement.
