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    How to accelerate electrification? The leverage of policies
    (Elsevier, 2021) Aalto, Pami; Kotilainen, Kirsi; Sovacool, Benjamin; Bilgin, Mert; Talus, Kim
    This chapter discusses the types of policy instruments that can be deployed to accelerate electrification as a master solution to climate neutrality. We first situate the target outcome of climate neutrality in the context of further interests within society that also affect the conduct of policy actors. Simultaneously we acknowledge the presence of structural features such as historically developed path-dependencies and lock-ins within the energy system and society. We then differentiate between varieties of policy instruments: command-and-control instruments, economic instruments, management and planning instruments, as well as education and information instruments. Using a structuration approach to energy policy formation, we finally discuss how policy-makers assess the structures discernible in their policy environments and on that basis eventually choose between rival policy options. We expect policy-makers to identify and choose which policy instruments to promote on the basis of their analysis of the situation as they perceive it.
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    Political history of Iran's energy policy
    (Turk International Cooperation and Koordination Agency, 2016) Bilgin, Mert
    This article analyzes the evolution of Iran’s energy agenda with a particular focus on oil, nuclear and natural gas. It aims to indicate whether Iran’s energy policy, which relies on oil revenues and prioritizes nuclear energy over gas, stems from a definable historical track. Energy security parameters prove a certain degree of influence on Iran’s energy policy. Yet, the way Iran delayed international gas trade cannot be fully explained from energy security perspective. The interaction between oil, nuclear energy and gas merits a historical analysis that may help in explaining the processes in which political concerns and international issues intersect with energy security priorities. The analysis, within this context, indicates how energy security parameters would support more focus on natural gas from international trade perspective with regard to the State’s policy that prioritizes nuclear energy and leads to a delay in international gas projects. Iran’s nuclear deal with P5+1 promises to foster natural gas projects, and yet this contingency cannot be detached from the continuities in political history of Iran’s energy policy.
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    The state of future in international relations
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2016) Bilgin, Mert
    This paper elaborates the state of Future in International Relations from a comparative theoretical perspective with regard to the selected methodological tools of Futures Studies. It, first, looks into the development of International Relations and Futures Studies to point out, how their contextual, conceptual and epistemological similarities and dissimilarities emerged in due course. It, then, analyses to what extent the methodological differences between selected Futures Studies techniques (e.g. forecasting, trend analysis, Delphi, backcasting, causal layered analysis and integral futures approach) intersect with the conceptual and normative differences between contemporary theories of International Relations stemming from Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Post-structuralism, Normative Theory and Critical Theory. The paper characterizes the relevant futures techniques with reference to the theories of International Relations, and scrutinizes selected futuristic narratives of International Relations from a methodological perspective. It, then, elaborates how Futures Studies and International Relations can benefit from each other's strengths in terms of their methodologies and assumptions. The article finally explores to what extent the promises of Futures Studies techniques conjure up a convergence between different theories of International Relations.
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    Turkey’s energy strategy: Synchronizing geopolitics and foreign policy with energy security
    (SETA Foundation, 2015) Bilgin, Mert
    This article analyzes Turkey’s official energy strategy to indicate how it responds to actual challenges by striking a compromise between market characteristics, and geopolitics and foreign policy. It points to Turkey’s growing energy demand as one of the most significant factors that affect the country’s policies and elaborates how Turkey’s supply security perspective intersects with geopolitical features and foreign policy issues on behalf of international cooperation. The first section, with conceptual highlights, gives a brief picture of the actual energy security challenges that Turkey faces. The second part focuses on Turkey’s official energy strategy (Turkey’s Energy Strategic Plan, as introduced by the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources) to understand how these policies respond to the challenges Turkey faces. The final section gives an idea of how Turkey’s energy security strategy supports international cooperation with diverse actors.