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Öğe A cross-cultural analysis of spiritual transcendence and its impact on job satisfaction, job security, and life satisfaction in Bali and Türkiye: mediator effect of earthquake anxiety(2024) Subawa, Nyoman Sri; Baykal, Elif; Basmantra, Ida Nyoman; Mimaki, Caren Angellina; Yorulmaz, HalilEarthquakes are considered as a major factor causing PTSD, anxiety, and depression across various age groups. Increased anxiety stemming from earthquakes may prompt individuals to turn to spirituality as a coping mechanism, with spiritual transcendence believed to be an effective way to mitigate anxiety. In this study, Bali, which has a Far Eastern spiritual tradition, and Türkiye, the majority of whose population is Muslim, are discussed comparatively. In fact, the underlying reason for this choice is to examine whether there is a difference between Hindu belief, one of the Far Eastern religions as a spiritual tradition, and Islam, one of the monotheistic religions, regarding individuals’ ability to manage anxiety and some basic psychological reactions to the fear of earthquakes. An example of Bali’s Hindu tradition has been considered a representation of the Islamic tradition, one of the monotheistic religions in Türkiye. Given this phenomenon, the study took a quantitative approach, giving a novel conceptual framework for understanding the relationship between spiritual transcendence, seismic fear, job satisfaction, job security, life satisfaction, and the moderating influence of optimism. Empirical data were acquired via surveys issued via Google Form to a total of 913 workers in Bali and Türkiye. The research data were analyzed using SmartPLS software and a structural equation modeling technique. Findings indicate that earthquake anxiety and the impact of spiritual transcendence on satisfaction and job security are stronger in Bali than in Türkiye. Additionally, spirituality holds greater significance for the Balinese sample compared to the Turkish sample. The study clarifies the implications of its findings and provides guidance for future research endeavors.Öğe A phenomenological investigation on ethical leadership and workplace engagement from a multi-cultural perspective(Canadian Institute for Knowledge Development-Child, 2022) Adnan, Nosheen; Bhatti, Omar Khalid; Baykal, ElifDespite continuous attempts to introduce employee engagement measures, leaders worldwide have been increasingly concerned about diminishing employee engagement levels. The issue of workplace engagement continues to be a source of contention for academics and practitioners alike. There is still a need to comprehend this phenomenon since previous research lacks a thorough understanding of employee work engagement concerning ethical leadership. This qualitative study explores the perceptions of the leaders working in service organizations regarding ethical leadership on employee work engagement in three countries, i.e., Malaysia, Turkey, and Pakistan. The phenomenon of work engagement was explored in this study. The theory of self-determination supports the proposed theoretical framework of the current study. Purposive sampling was applied to select 28 leaders in the service sector. Semi-structured interviews were performed to understand employee engagement better using participant observations, opinions, strategic perspectives, and the employee handbook and recordings of interviews and meetings with service sector leaders. The findings highlighted eight major ethical leadership themes suggested by 28 managers in the interviews. Eight themes of ethical leadership are (1) Role Modeling, (2) Trust, (3 Honesty, (4) Integrity, (5) Justice, (6) Religiosity, (7) Responsibility, (8) Intellectual competence. The present study found that leaders applying different strategies and understanding the importance of employee engagement could improve employee engagement and have a more robust workforce and beneficial organization. (C) CIKD Publishing.Öğe A qualitative study about internationalization of Turkish textile & clothing industries(Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, 2022) Divrik, Bahar; Baykal, ElifThe national textile and clothing industries do not operate in isolation anymore; they are significant parts of one global sector which serve to the whole world. The Turkish textile and clothing industries are mainly export oriented and like other developing industries, they have an important role in the internationalization of the Turkish economy with their contribution to GDP, trade and employment. This article reviews the major developments that shaped the internationalization process of Turkish textile & clothing industries. Findings from semi-structured case studies with 14 Turkish textile and clothing industries tries to highlight the changes occurring currently in the industries. The qualitative data obtained from our research gives deep and detailed understanding of the Turkish textile and clothing industries.Öğe Analysis of spiritual leadership and ethical climate for banking industry using an integrated IT2 fuzzy decision-making model(IOS Press, 2021) Dinçer, Hasan; Baykal, Elif; Yüksel, SerhatThe study aims to propose a novel model to define the role of spiritual leadership on the ethical climate for the banking industry. There are mainly three different stages in this model. Firstly, the criteria of each factor are selected with correlation coefficients by considering the balanced scorecard (BSC)-based linguistic evaluations. After that, these criteria are weighted by using interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL). The third and the final stage aims to rank 5 biggest banks of Turkey which are quoted in Istanbul Stock Exchange. Within this framework, IT2 fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) approach is considered. The findings demonstrate that the spiritual leadership has a significant influence on the ethical climate. Altruistic love is the most important spiritual leadership dimension to improve ethical climate in the organization. On the other side, it is also concluded that private banks in Turkey are the most successful with respect to the ethical climate. The results give an idea that spiritual leader contributes to the improvement of the ties of love and respect among employees. The main reason is that altruistic love improves the judgement and sensitivity competencies of the ethical so that employees tend to be working in a more ethical way.Öğe Boosting human capital via spiritual leadership: An exmaple from Turkey(IGI Global, 2023) Baykal, ElifThe related field research was conducted with the participation of 360 people. The respondents are working in public and private institutions in the service sector. During the analysis and analysis of the research data, SPSS (statistical package for the social sciences) program was used, and the data were analysed. With the factor analysis made, the questions were examined in detail within the scope of six sub-dimensions of spiritual leadership behavior patterns and the data were analysed. According to the results of the research, it has been observed that there may be changes in the attitudes and opinions of some of the dimensions of spiritual leadership behaviors based on the age, gender, marital status, educational status, sector, position, working time in the institution where they are currently working, and total years worked. Moreover, this study is illuminating regarding the positive effects of spiritual leadership on human capitals of white collar employees in Turkey.Öğe Boosting life satisfaction through psychological capital in the presence of job security: A case study of Turkey(MDPI, 2023) Baykal, Elif; Bayraktar, Osman; Divrik, Bahar; Aşçı, Mehmet Saim; Öz, SabriThe COVID-19 pandemic brought about drastic changes all across the world, causing the loss of thousands of lives and negatively affecting many industries, owing to the health measures taken by authorities in this period. The difficulties engendered by the pandemic have led to excessive anxiety and made people vulnerable to psychological problems. Moreover, many people have lost their jobs or experienced anxiety of losing their jobs. Turkish business is one of the prominent markets that have been severely affected by the pandemic. Thus, we considered it crucial to examine how life satisfaction levels of individuals working in the Turkish business sector can be increased through psychological capital. We also aimed to test whether a sense of job security has a mediator effect in the relationship between life satisfaction and psychological capital. In order to test the assumed relationship, we collected data from Turkish professionals working in the Marmara region. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS AMOS and the results revealed that psychological capital has a positive effect on life satisfaction levels of individuals. Moreover, our study is novel in that it revealed the mediator role of job security in the relationship between psychological capital and life satisfaction.Öğe Creating organizational commitment through spiritual leadership: Mediating effect of meaning at work(2019) Baykal, ElifFierce competition and oppressing business life of 21st century has given birth to changes in business life and caused some troubles on the side of employees. Unsatisfaction regarding daily working habits has given way to increasing demands of employees regarding a more humane and more meaningful work. In this point, workplace spirituality and spiritual leadership come to scene as possible remedies for the meaninglessness and disappointment of modern employees. In the study, it is hypothesized that spiritual leadership has a positive effect on organizational commitments of employees and the sense of meaning act as a mediator in this relationship. In this paper, we will first explain the spiritual constructs like workplace spirituality and spiritual leadership. And than we will explain our research regarding the relationship among spiritual leadership, sense of meaning and organizational commitment in details. In order to test the relationships in our model a field research has been applied on 800 turkish academicians by using online and face to face surveys. And 190 usable answers have been obtained. Results of the study has been analyzed by using SPSS. 22 program.Öğe Digital era and new methods for employee recruitment(IGI Global, 2019) Baykal, ElifThe ever-increasing digitalization in today's business processes-and incredibly fast-growing markets- have created a more competitive business environment. And, this more competitive business environment has led companies to be more demanding regarding the employee qualifications as well as the quality of tasks carried out by these employees. Moreover, this change process has rendered the traditional human resources management methods inadequate, further digitizing the field of human resources. In this study, the authors examine the handling of recruitment functions within human resources management and the digitization process. Furthermore, they discuss both the basic dynamics of the e-recruitment processes, the tools of e-recruitment, as well as its advantages and disadvantages.Öğe Digitalization of human resources: E-HR(IGI Global, 2019) Baykal, ElifRecent decades brought about astonishing technologies that affected organizations in several ways. With the latest developments, organizations earned the capabilities to carry out their functions more efficiently and rapidly. Having several tasks affecting both interior and exterior customers, human resources departments also benefited from these technological developments. Owing to the digital revolution, e-HR emerged as a new way of practicing HRM activities with the latest web-based and computer-based tools and applications. These applications eased the work of HR professionals and served them the opportunity to focus on their core work, namely strategic human resources activities rather than procedural paperwork of the department. With a holistic and integrative approach, this digital transformation in HRM has been dispersed among all services in human resources including recruitment, career management, training and development, performance management, and compensation.Öğe E-leadership and teleworking in times of COVID-19 and beyond: What we know and where do we go(Frontiers Media S.A., 2020) Contreras, Francoise; Baykal, Elif; Abid, GhulamSuddenly, COVID-19 has changed the world and the way people work. Companies had to accelerate something they knew was imminent in the future, but not immediate and extremely humongous. This situation poses a huge challenge for companies to survive and thrive in this complex business environment and for employees, who must adapt to this new way of working. An effective e-leadership, which promotes companies' adaptability, is needed. This study investigates the existing knowledge on teleworking and e-leadership; and analyzes the supposed challenges. The literature review shows that companies with effective e-leadership can view teleworking as an opportunity. It is advantageous for not only companies' productivity but also the environment and people who work remotely. However, a traditional or no leadership can result in some risks. Thriving in remote work environments implies that managers must adjust the companies' structure, making them less hierarchical, and developing new abilities to establish a strong and trustworthy relationship with their employees to maintain their competitiveness, while retaining a genuine concern for their employees' well-being. Similarly, successful e-leadership must be able to consolidate and lead effective virtual teams to accomplish organizational goals. This study contributes to the literature and leaders during the pandemic.Öğe Editorial: Boosting positivity by utilizing spirituality as a tool for recovery: Post-pandemic process(Frontiers Media SA, 2023) Baykal, Elif; Bhatti, Omar Khalid; Farooq, WaqasAs a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, people were confronted with several drastic experiences that led to fear and uncertainty. In traumatic times like the COVID-19 pandemic, spirituality can act as a healing agent for the immune system, helping to promote mental health and pave the way for a more positive psychological state. Many researchers in positive psychology argue that one of the most important roles of spirituality is to promote greater peace of mind and reduce anxiety (Arslan and Yildirim, 2021; Baykal, 2022)Öğe Effect of spiritual leadership on intention to quit: Mediator effect of person-organization fit(IGI Global, 2023) Baykal, ElifSpiritual leadership is a holistic leadership approach through which organizational members can experience their connection with their spiritual realities. With the help of spiritual leadership, employees can find the inner motivation to show the necessary altruism to serve for the common good and vision. Thus, they find the opportunity to experience meaning in their workplace. This study has focused on spiritual leadership and its possible effects on person-organization fit and turnover intentions among Turkish academicians. Moreover, in this study, the mediator effect of person-organization fit in the relationship between spiritual leadership and turnover intentions has been examined. The research model has been investigated among academicians from various Turkish universities. In the related field research, 190 usable surveys were obtained, and the research data has been examined in SPSS 20. Results showed spiritual leadership has a negative effect on turnover intentions and person-organization fit acts as a mediator in this relationship.Öğe Effects of servant leadership on gratitude, empowerment, innovativeness and performance: Turkey example(Istanbul Univ, 2018) Baykal, Elif; Zehir, Cemal; Köle, MahmutInspired by positive organizational scholarship, this study focuses on two important concepts of positive organizational behavior: empowerment and gratitude. The effects of servant leadership style-with its ever-increasing popularity-were investigated based on these two concepts, under the assumption that having been affected by servant leadership, gratitude and empowerment will enhance the innovative capacity of the individuals on whom it is tested. The assumption is that this change, in turn, will have a positive effect on the overall performance of the organization. During our field survey, 527 white-collar workers from Turkey's Marmara region contributed to the study. Our results suggest that servant leadership has a positive effect on the perceptions of empowerment and gratitude felt by followers, and that these feelings in turn affect innovativeness and organizational performance. We thus contribute to the related literature by displaying the positive effects of innovativeness on organizational performance by supporting the view that when firms are more innovative they tend to perform better.Öğe Effects of servant leadership on psychological capitals and productivities of employees(Atatürk University, 2020) Baykal, ElifFocusing on human strength and flourishing, positive organizational behavior opened a new era in organizational behavior studies and reshaped scholars’ and practitioners’ demands from leadership. More human focused leaders have become acceptable and popular including servant leadership, one of the main points we have focused in this study. In our research model, being inspired from positive organizational behavior and one of its famous constructs, positive psychological capacities; the developable, measurable and managable psychological powers of individuals, we designed a model testing effects of servant leadership on psychological capacities of individuals in organizational settings and psychological capitals effect on employee productivity. We tested our model on white collar workers in İstanbul region of Turkey, by applying face to face and online surveys. Later, we analyzed our data in SPSS 20.0 program and we found that as we have supposed servant leadership behavior of leaders has a positive effect on positive psychological capacities of individuals which in turn effects positively their productivities.Öğe Effects of teleworking and strategic orientations on resilience in the post-pandemic period(ADAMOR, 2023) Yorulmaz, Halil; Baykal, Elif; Eti, SerkanThis study investigates the effects of the strategic orientations of SMEs, which are in the group most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic process, which exemplifies volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (VUCA) conditions, on their organizational resilience, and the differentiation of SMEs organizational resilience according to the teleworking style they prefer. The research model and hypotheses were examined by using the Structural Equation Modeling technique on the data collected by the survey method by interviewing 500 SME owners/partners/senior executives operating in the service sector in Turkey. In addition, teleworking methods were compared with post-hoc tests. As the results, technology, market, learning, and entrepreneurial orientations affect organizational resilience positively and significantly. Technology orientation plays an important role for companies to have telework skills in order to ensure business continuity and to increase their organizational resilience. It was determined that organizational resilience in SMEs differed according to the type of telework. The systematic and regular types of telework adopted by firms provide higher organizational resilience than those applied in exceptional and temporary situations. And companies with different strategic orientations combinations will likely have higher organizational resilience. With its perspective and findings, this research both contributes to the relevant literature and is an eye-opener for practitioners.Öğe Employee involvement in sustainability projects in emergent markets: Evidence from Turkey(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023) Baykal, Elif; Divrik, BaharWithout a doubt, encouraging the behavior of employees in relation to sustainability is one of the most effective tactics that organizations can use to attain their sustainability goals. It is critical that employees take part in sustainability projects in order for organizations to be successful. In this study, we assumed that organizations supported by responsible employees will be more likely to engage in sustainability-driven projects that affect their long-term viability and the interests of their stakeholders, and that green human resources management will be an encouraging factor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the involvement of employees in sustainability-driven projects within organizations, as well as the potential influence of such involvement on the performance of projects in emerging economies such as Turkey, where individual sensitivity to sustainability is lacking. With this goal in mind, we conducted a qualitative investigation on ten different employees from various corporate enterprises who were authorized to participate in sustainability-driven projects in their workplaces. Our results revealed that in the Turkish business environment, employees have still not reached the required level of maturity regarding sustainability issues in order to be initiators of sustainability projects. This study is the first to investigate the role of employees in sustainability-driven projects within the Turkish market.Öğe Ensuring islamic balanced leadership through Islamic workplace spirituality: A system theory approach(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2020) Baykal, ElifIslamic teachings overlap considerably with the teachings of workplace spirituality and the teachings of the balanced leadership perspective. Having in mind this assumption, in this study, basic premises of spiritual leadership and workplace spirituality will be explained, and the main functions of Islamic workplace spirituality will be clarified with a system theory approach. Moreover, balanced leadership approach and Islamic balanced leadership approach will be compared, and the possibility of creating Islamic balanced leadership through system theory approach will be discussed.Öğe Ensuring islamic balanced leadership through Islamic workplace spirituality: A system theory approach(De Gruyter, 2023) Baykal, ElifIslamic teachings overlap considerably with the teachings of workplace spirituality and the teachings of the balanced leadership perspective. Having in mind this assumption, in this study, basic premises of spiritual leadership and workplace spirituality will be explained, and the main functions of Islamic workplace spirituality will be clarified with a system theory approach. Moreover, balanced leadership approach and Islamic balanced leadership approach will be compared, and the possibility of creating Islamic balanced leadership through system theory approach will be discussed.Öğe Exploring the factors leading to the failure of millennial entrepreneurs: Challenges in green business(2024) Basmantra, Ida Nyoman; Apsari, Ida Ayu Karina Widya; Gama, Adie Wahyudi Oktavia; Baykal, Elif; Gorda, A.A.A. Ngurah Sri RahayuIn the 21st century, the global economy has experienced a surprising shift, marked by an increasing focus on sustainability. Millennial entrepreneurs have acknowledged the necessity of addressing social and environmental issues and have responded to this changing landscape by embracing green business initiatives. Nevertheless, these entrepreneurs confront substantial challenges stemming from external risks associated with green enterprises. To investigate these challenges, this research employed a qualitative approach, involving semi-structured interviews that combined both organized and unstructured elements to comprehensively explore the subject. The study identifies eight pivotal factors that hinder the success of green businesses led by millennial entrepreneurs. These factors encompass the absence of clear industry policies for green enterprises, a deficiency in technical knowledge related to green practices, a short-term investment mindset resulting in limited financial support, negative evaluations from experts and within the realm of social media, a lack of external pressures promoting sustainability, unfavorable shifts in the external business environment, constraints in aligning business capabilities with sustainability objectives, and flawed business models. Furthermore, researchers have recognized that the inherent characteristics of millennial entrepreneurs also contribute to shaping these factors. The findings highlight the critical influence of these eight factors on the challenges encountered by green businesses, shedding light on how millennial attributes affect the ultimate success or failure of such ventures.Öğe Exploring the hidden potential of Bali's wellness tourism: Which factors encourage tourists to visit?(Taylor & Francis As, 2023) Subawa, Nyoman Sri; Mimaki, Emi Angellina; Mimaki, Caren Angellina; Baykal, Elif; Utami, Made Srinitha MilliniaThe current research proposes a modified and extended Theory of Planned Behavior model by adding three crucial determinants in tourism management, namely wellness motivation, pull-factor motivation, and tourist value, to predict tourist behavior towards wellness tourism destinations in Bali. Empirical data was obtained via online surveys. A purposive sampling technique was implemented, with a total of 323 domestic tourist respondents which were collected and analyzed in this research. Data was analyzed using a structural equation model (PLS-SEM). The findings revealed that wellness motivation, pull-factor motivation, and tourist value were significant determinants for predicting tourists' intentions to visit wellness tourism destinations. Moreover, tourists' attitudes are significantly influenced by pull motivation and tourist value. The results also showed that subjective norms and perceived behavioral control failed to predict tourists' visit intentions. Implications and suggestions for future research are explained.
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