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    Abnormalities of cortical sources of resting state alpha electroencephalographic rhythms are related to education attainment in cognitively unimpaired seniors and patients with alzheimer's disease and amnesic mild cognitive impairment
    (NLM (Medline), 2021) Babiloni, Claudio C.; Ferri, Raffaele; Noce, Giuseppe; Lizio, Roberta; Lopez, Susanna; Lorenzo, Ivan; Panzavolta, Andrea; Soricelli, Andrea; Nobili, Flavio Mariano; Arnaldi, Dario; Famà, Francesco; Orzi, Francesco; Buttinelli, Carla; Giubilei, Franco; Cipollini, Virginia; Marizzoni, Moira; Güntekin, Bahar; Aktürk, Tuba; Hano?lu, Lütfü; Yener, Görsev G.; Özbek, Yağmur; Stocchi, Fabrizio; Vacca, Laura; Frisoni, Glovannl B.; del Percio, Claudio
    In normal old (Nold) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) persons, a high cognitive reserve (CR) makes them more resistant and resilient to brain neuropathology and neurodegeneration. Here, we tested whether these effects may affect neurophysiological oscillatory mechanisms generating dominant resting state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) alpha rhythms in Nold and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (ADMCI). Data in 60 Nold and 70 ADMCI participants, stratified in higher (Edu+) and lower (Edu-) educational attainment subgroups, were available in an Italian-Turkish archive. The subgroups were matched for age, gender, and education. RsEEG cortical sources were estimated by eLORETA freeware. As compared to the Nold-Edu- subgroup, the Nold-Edu+ subgroup showed greater alpha source activations topographically widespread. On the contrary, in relation to the ADMCI-Edu- subgroup, the ADMCI-Edu+ subgroup displayed lower alpha source activations topographically widespread. Furthermore, the 2 ADMCI subgroups had matched cerebrospinal AD diagnostic biomarkers, brain gray-white matter measures, and neuropsychological scores. The current findings suggest that a high CR may be related to changes in rsEEG alpha rhythms in Nold and ADMCI persons. These changes may underlie neuroprotective effects in Nold seniors and subtend functional compensatory mechanisms unrelated to brain structure alterations in ADMCI patients.
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    EEG measures for clinical research in major vascular cognitive impairment: recommendations by an expert panel
    (Elsevier Inc., 2021) Babiloni, Claudio C.; Arakaki, Xianghong; Bonanni, Laura; Buján, Ana; Carrillo, María C.; del Percio, Claudio; Edelmayer, Rebecca M.; Egan, Gary; Elahh, Fanny M.; Evans, Alan Charles; Ferri, Raffaele; Frisoni, Glovannl B.; Güntekin, Bahar; Hainsworth, Atticus Henry; Hampel, Harald; Jeli?, Vesna; Jeong, Jaeseung; Kim, Doh-kwan; Kramberger, Milica Gregori?; Kumar, Sanjeev; Lizio, Roberta; Nobili, Flavio Mariano; Noce, Giuseppe; Puce, Aina; Ritter, Petra; Smit, Dirk J.A.; Soricelli, Andrea; Teipel, S.; Tucci, Federico
    Vascular contribution to cognitive impairment (VCI) and dementia is related to etiologies that may affect the neurophysiological mechanisms regulating brain arousal and generating electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. A multidisciplinary expert panel reviewed the clinical literature and reached consensus about the EEG measures consistently found as abnormal in VCI patients with dementia. As compared to cognitively unimpaired individuals, those VCI patients showed (1) smaller amplitude of resting state alpha (8–12 Hz) rhythms dominant in posterior regions; (2) widespread increases in amplitude of delta (< 4 Hz) and theta (4–8 Hz) rhythms; and (3) delayed N200/P300 peak latencies in averaged event-related potentials, especially during the detection of auditory rare target stimuli requiring participants’ responses in “oddball” paradigms. The expert panel formulated the following recommendations: (1) the above EEG measures are not specific for VCI and should not be used for its diagnosis; (2) they may be considered as “neural synchronization” biomarkers to enlighten the relationships between features of the VCI-related cerebrovascular lesions and abnormalities in neurophysiological brain mechanisms; and (3) they may be tested in future clinical trials as prognostic biomarkers and endpoints of interventions aimed at normalizing background brain excitability and vigilance in wakefulness.