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    Artificial intelligence meets the world experts; updates and novel therapies in autoimmunity - the 14th international congress on autoimmunity 2024 (AUTO14), Ljubljana
    (2025) Mahroum, Naim; Elsalti, Abdulrahman; Al Shawaf, Maisam; Darkhabani, Mohammad; Alwani, Abdulrahman; Seida, Ravend; Ertaş, Muhammet Tayfur; Şimşek, Ayşe Gülnihan; Awad, Mustafa; Habra, Mona; Alrifaai, Mohamad Aosama; Bogdanos, Dimitrios; Shoenfeld, Yehuda
    The bi-annual international congress on autoimmunity is a huge opportunity for the medical community to discuss the latest updates in the field. During the 14th congress 2024 (AUTO14) in Ljubljana, artificial intelligence (AI) occupied special attention due to its recent and ongoing unequivocal role in various medical fields including autoimmunity. For instance, through a challenging debate between world-experts and the most popular AI bot used (ChatGPT), several clinical cases including a case of vasculitis were discussed in the plenary sessions. ChatGPT agreed with the clinical decisions made by the experts nevertheless, the bot added additional aspects related to the specific case. In this regard, ChatGPT emphasized the need for osteoporosis prophylaxis in a patient planned to be treated with systemic steroids for a long time. Furthermore, AUTO14 included the newest updates on most autoimmune disorders, distributed among tens of sessions. Among others, infection and autoimmunity, the sequalae of the pandemic of COVID-19, as well as COVID-19 vaccines were discussed as well. Due to the high numbers of the works presented, and for ensuring that important updates are not missed; we divided our paper into sections. The subtitles throughout the paper correspond to different sessions of the congress, all presenting new updates in the field. A figure aiding in navigating throughout the paper was also provided.
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    Fecal microbiota transplantation in autoimmune diseases - an extensive paper on a pathogenetic therapy
    (2024) Seida, İsa; Al Shawaf, Maisam; Mahroum, Naim
    The role of infections in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has long been recognized and reported. In addition to infectious agents, the internal composition of the "friendly" living bacteria, (microbiome) and its correlation to immune balance and dysregulation have drawn the attention of researchers for decades. Nevertheless, only recently, scientific papers regarding the potential role of transferring microbiome from healthy donor subjects to patients with autoimmune diseases has been proposed. Fecal microbiota transplantation or FMT, carries the logic of transferring microorganisms responsible for immune balance from healthy donors to individuals with immune dysregulation or more accurately for our paper, autoimmune diseases. Viewing the microbiome as a pathogenetic player allows us to consider FMT as a pathogenetic-based treatment. Promising results alongside improved outcomes have been demonstrated in patients with different autoimmune diseases following FMT. Therefore, in our current extensive review, we aimed to highlight the implication of FMT in various autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune thyroid and liver diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus, and type 1 diabetes mellitus, among others. Presenting all the aspects of FMT in more than 12 autoimmune diseases in one paper, to the best of our knowledge, is the first time presented in medical literature. Viewing FMT as such could contribute to better understanding and newer application of the model in the therapy of autoimmune diseases, indeed.
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    Infections and celiac disease
    (Academic Press, 2024) Alrifaai, Mohamad Aosama; Habra, Mona; Al Shawaf, Maisam; Mahroum, Naim
    Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a global prevalence of 1%. It is known to develop after ingestion of gluten-rich foods in genetically susceptible individuals. Variants in HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes encoding the alpha and beta chains of DQ2 and DQ8 proteins, are seen in more than 90% of patients. Genetic predisposition is necessary but not sufficient to develop CD, as only low percent of genetically predisposed individuals develop CD. Typical CD manifests with diarrhea alongside findings of malabsorption. Gluten is composed of unusual repetitive sequences of amino acids which make it difficult to fully digest the large peptides formed. By crossing intestinal lamina propria these peptides activate both innate and adaptive immune system causing an inflammatory cascade. Environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of CD. An increased number of respiratory infections during the first 18 months of life seems to increase the risk of developing CD in later years. Additionally, there are rising evidence on the involvement of EBV and Enteroviruses in the pathogenesis of CD. Recently, COVID-19 was associated with CD. Moreover, gastrointestinal infections have been listed as a risk factor for CD. Among other suggested mechanisms, molecular mimicry and bystander activation are the leading theories. In our current chapter, we aimed to elaborate on the correlation between infections and the development of CD.