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    Anatomical region-specific in vivo wireless communication channel characterization
    (IEEE-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc, 2017) Demir, Ali Fatih; Abbasi, Qammer H.; Ankaralı, Zekeriyya Esat; Alomainy, Akram; Qaraqe, Khalid; Serpedin, Erchin; Arslan, Hüseyin
    In vivo wireless body area networks and their associated technologies are shaping the future of health-care by providing continuous health monitoring and noninvasive surgical capabilities, in addition to remote diagnostic and treatment of diseases. To fully exploit the potential of such devices, it is necessary to characterize the communication channel, which will help to build reliable and high-performance communication systems. This paper presents an in vivo wireless communication channel characterization for male torso both numerically and experimentally (on a human cadaver) considering various organs at 915 MHz and 2.4 GHz. A statistical path loss (PL) model is introduced, and the anatomical region-specific parameters are provided. It is found that the mean PL in decibel scale exhibits a linear decaying characteristic rather than an exponential decaying profile inside the body, and the power decay rate is approximately twice at 2.4 GHz as compared to 915 MHz. Moreover, the variance of shadowing increases significantly as the in vivo antenna is placed deeper inside the body since the main scatterers are present in the vicinity of the antenna. Multipath propagation characteristics are also investigated to facilitate proper waveform designs in the future wireless health-care systems, and a root-mean-square delay spread of 2.76 ns is observed at 5 cm depth. Results show that the in vivo channel exhibit different characteristics than the classical communication channels, and location dependence is very critical for accurate, reliable, and energy-efficient link budget calculations.
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    In vivo communications: Steps toward the next generation of implantable devices
    (IEEE-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc, 2016) Demir, Ali Fatih; Ankaralı, Zekeriyya Esat; Abbasi, Qammer H.; Liu, Yang; Qaraqe, Khalid; Serpedin, Erchin; Arslan, Hüseyin; Gitlin, Richard D.
    In vivo wireless medical devices have the potential to play a vital role in future healthcare technologies by improving the quality of human life. In order to fully exploit the capabilities of such devices, it is necessary to characterize and model the in vivo wireless communication channel. Utilization of this model will have a significant role in improving the communication performance of embedded medical devices in terms of power, reliability and spectral efficiency. In this paper, the state of the art in this field is presented to provide a comprehensive understanding of current models. Such knowledge will be used to optimize the design and selection of various in vivo wireless communication methods, operational frequencies, and antenna design. Finally, open research areas are discussed for the future studies.